Objective To summarize the research status of percutaneous ultrasound interventional therapy for the patients with hepatic echinococcosis, and to provide some experience and reference for the treatment of disease in clinical medical personnel. Method The relevant literature on percutaneous ultrasound intervention therapy for hepatic echinococcosis both domestically and internationally was summarized and analyzed. Results For the patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE), ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic drainage is safe and effective for the World Health Organization Informal Working Group classification CE1 and CE3a cysts. For the patients with hepatic alveolar chinococcosis (HAE), although radical resection is still the gold standard, ultrasound-guided microwave ablation had better postoperative recovery and less trauma for patients with lesion diameter ＜5 cm; Due to limited research on the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for patients with HAE, further exploration is needed; Ultrasound guided percutaneous cyst puncture drainage is used for external drainage of necrotic material in the cyst cavity, which can effectively control infection and remove necrotic tissue; percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD) could effectively relieve biliary obstruction, improve liver function, and enhance the quality of life of patients with advanced HAE complicated with obstructive jaundice. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided percutaneous interventional techniques have their own advantages and disadvantages in treatment of hepatic echinococcosis. For patients with HCE, strict indications and contraindications should be followed when performing percutaneous ultrasound interventions. For patients with HAE, early-stage small lesions should be prioritized for microwave ablation, and patients in the middle and late stages with larger lesions or those with intra-cyst infection or jaundice should be treated with percutaneous cyst puncture drainage and PTCD to alleviate symptoms, following the second stage operation.
ObjectiveTo understand the role of complement system in the immune mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its potential therapy value. MethodThe national and international literature relavant researches of complement system in the HCC was reviewed. ResultsBased on HCC as an immunogenic cancer and the complement system as a part of the innate immune system, it had potential application value in immunotherapy. Eight complement components (complement intrinsic components C1q, C3, and mannose binding lectin, soluble regulatory proteins complement factor H and C4b, and membrane regulatory proteins CD46 and CD59, as well as complement receptor C5aR1) were closely associated with HCC. The activation of the complement system could participate in the occurrence and development of HCC through various mechanisms. The complement inhibitor, it could regulate the activity of complement related activation pathways, enhance anti-tumor ability, and provide a potential new strategy for immunotherapy of HCC. ConclusionsAt present, only a few complement components have been found in HCC research. Although it has been found that multiple complement components play a role in regulating the immune mechanism of HCC, there is still no definite or recognized theoretical basis. In the future, further exploration of the protective or pathogenic mechanisms of complement components in HCC immunity is needed to objectively evaluate the risks and benefits of complement related inhibitor therapy and in combination with other anti-tumor immune therapies.