Objective To investigate the correlation between smoking, alcohol, chronic diseases, fasting plasma glucose levels, uric acid and the incidence of urolithiasis. Methods A 1∶1 pair-wise matching design was used in case-control study. We randomly selected 150 samples from 459 patients with urolithiasis in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from May 2015 to November 2015. Patient with intact information were identified as case group. The control group were patients who hospitalized in the same period without urolithiasis matched by gender, ethnic, and marital status. Univariate ANOVA and multivariate conditional logistic regression were used to test the differences between the two groups. Results A total of 125 patients in case group and 125 patients in control group were included. The peak age of urolithiasis was 50 to 70 years old, male patients accounted for 70.75% of the population, and one side urolithiasis accounted for 62.24% of the stone types. The results of multivariate conditional logistic regression showed that hyperuricemia was the related factor of urolithiasis (OR=5.19, 95%CI 2.27 to 11.91, P<0.01). Conclusions Hyperuricemia is a high risk factor for urolithiasis.