ObjectiveTo get a picture of the distribution of aminoglycoside-resistant genes in pseudomonas aeruginosa in China. MethodsWe electronically searched CBM, CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data for studies that reported aminoglycoside-resistant genes in pseudomonas aeruginosa in China from inception to December 2012. Two reviewers independently screened literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and extracted data. Then statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software. ResultsA total of 1 144 strains of aminoglycoside-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa from 10 provinces/cities were included. The positive rates of aac(3')-I, aac(3')-Ⅱ, aac(6')-I, aac(6')-Ⅱ, ant(2")-I, ant(3")-I and aph(3')-VI of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes were 13.3%, 40.1%, 21.6%, 40.3%, 38.1%, 23.7% and 2.9%, respectively to the north of Huai River, while the rates were 3.2%, 20.2%, 15.9%, 37.6%, 28.3%, 28.5% and 9.1%, respectively to the south of Huai River. The positive rates of rmtA, rmtB and armA of 16S rRNA methylases genes were 20.4%, 19.4% and 0.7%, respectively, while other 16S rRNA methylases genes were not found. ConclusionIn China, aminoglycoside modifying enzyme is the primary mechanism of pseudomonas aeruginosa aminoglycoside-resistant drugs, while 16S rRNA methylation enzyme mechanism is secondary.
ObjectiveTo compare and analyze the differences of bacterial resistance of 3 different strains of bacteria isolated from Mohnarin cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and bile of literature published in China, to provide the basis for clinical rational drug use. MethodsWe searched databases including CNKI and WanFang Data for reports about bacterial resistance from Mohnarin CSF, blood and bile from 2006 to 2014. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data, and analyzed the differences of bacterial resistance from CSF, blood and bile by SPSS 19.0 software. ResultsComposition ratio of the gram positive bacteria from CSF specimens was much higher than those of the blood and the bile (χ2=383.118, P<0.001). The separation of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, E. faecium and E. faecalis from CSF exhibited multi-drug resistance, and their resistance rates to commonly used antimicrobial agents were significantly higher than those from blood and bile (P<0.001), especially the A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae and E. faeciu, and their overall resistance rates to commonly used antimicrobial drugs were 68.1%, 60.5%, 59.8%, and 59.4%, respectively. The top three antibiotics with higher resistance rate were piperacillin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and cefotaxime in A. baumannii, piperacillin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in K. pneumoniae, cefoxitin, Ampicillin/sulbactam and cefuroxime in E. cloacae, penicillin G, ampicillin and erythromycin in E. faecium. The resistant rates of quinolone in E. coli, E. cloacae, A. baumannii and E. faecium from CSF specimens were high, but low in K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis. ConclusionThere are differences for drug resistance of the bacteria from different specimens from Mohnarin, the bacteria from CSF specimens exhibits multi-drug resistance, the resistances are significantly higher than those from blood and bile.
ObjectiveTo explore drug resistance, resistant mechanisms and resistant phenotypes of staphylococcus aureus (SA) isolated from wound secretion to macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramins (MLS). MethodsA retrospective design was used to collect clinical data and antimicrobial resistance profiles of SA in the First Affiliated Hospital and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University and Anxi County Hospital from June, 2008 to October, 2015. SPSS 19.0 software was used for data analysis. ResultsA total of 127 isolates were included. The distribution of four resistant phenotypes of SA to MLS were all susceptibility(S) type (n=48, 37.8%), ML type (n=41, 32.3%), M/iCR+ type (n=22, 17.3%) and MLS type (n=16, 12.6%), respectively; There were three kinds of phenotypes caused by target changing including ML type, M/iCR+ type and MLS type, respectively. Moreover, no moxicaxin, linezolid or tigecyline resistant strain was detected, while quinolons and tetracyclines showed low-level resistant. ConclusionCompared with the different samples, the resistant phenotypes of SA isolated from wound secretion to MLS are few, and the total resistance ratio is low.
ObjectiveTo set reference intervals of the levels of thyroid hormones among normal pregnant women without presence of thyroid antibodies during three trimesters of pregnancy in Quanzhou city, Fujian province. MethodsA total of 490 pregnant women during 4-39 week pregnancy without presence of thyroid antibodies were enrolled in Quanzhou city, Fujian province. Levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) were detected through the electrochemistry immunoassay (ECL) method. In addition, a total of 51 healthy women without pregnancy were enrolled to set the reference intervals of levels of thyroid hormones among normal pregnant women without presence of thyroid antibodies. ResultsThe median levels of TPO-Ab were in the reference intervals provided by the pharmaceutical factory. Levels of FT3 and FT4 gradually decreased from the first to the third trimester (P < 0.01), levels of serum TSH gradually increasd from the first to the third trimester (P < 0.01). Compared with those of pregnant women, levels of thyroid hormone in normal non-pregnant women were higher in the first trimester, lower in the second and the third trimesters (P < 0.01). During three trimesters, the reference intervals of FT3 in the three trimesters were (first: 3.75 to 7.23; second 3.31 to 4.9; and third: 3.16 to 4.48 pmol/L); the reference intervals of FT4 were (first: 12.85 to 25.3; second: 12.03 to 20.14; and third: 11.02 to 19.43 pmol/L); and the reference intervals of TSH were (first: 0.01 to 3.79; second: 1.09 to 4.19; and third: 1.08 to 5.95 mIU/L), respectively. ConclusionThrough this detection, we set the levels of thyroid hormones among normal pregnant women without presence of thyroid antibodies during three trimesters of pregnancy in Quanzhou city.
ObjectiveTo analyze the glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level among healthy adults in Quanzhou area and explore distribution of HbA1c concentration by age and gender, and establish relevant reference range. MethodsUnder the standardized test of HbA1c, HbA1c concentrations of 1 931 healthy adults were determined by HLC-723 G8 HbA1c analyzer (TOSOH corp, Japan) and its agents. HbA1c levels of different age (18-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, >60) and gender groups were compared, percentile was adopted to establish the corresponding HbA1c reference range of healthy adults in Quanzhou area according to "WS/T402-12-2012. Define and Determine the Reference Interval in Clinical Laboratory" and CLSI C28-A3. ResultsThe total HbA1c levels among healthy adults in Quanzhou area were 3.8%-6.4% (5.31%±0.40%), and the total HbA1c levels among male and female healthy adults in Quanzhou area were 5.55%±0.36% and 5.47%±0.43%, respectively, HbA1c concentration between different gender were statistically significant (P≤0.01). Compared in HbA1c levels of different age (18-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, >60) and gender groups: the difference of HbA1c concentration between different gender in 18-30 years and 31-40 years group was statistically significant (P<0.05) and on the contrary the remaining three age groups were no statistically significant. Compared in HbA1c levels of different age groups in male: the difference of HbA1c concentration between different age groups in 31-40 years and 41-50 years group were no statistically significant (P>0.05), but statistically significant (P<0.05) in the remaining three age groups. The difference of HbA1c concentration between different age groups in female were statistically significant (all P values ≤0.01). The reference intervals of HbA1c for males and females were 4.8%-6.2% and 4.6%-6.3%, respectively, with statistically significant (P=0.000); the reference intervals of HbA1c according to age and gender were: for 18-30 years in males and females were 4.6%-6.0% and 4.4%-6.0%, respectively, with statistically significant (P≤0.01); for 31-40 years in males and females were 4.7%-6.0% and 4.7%-6.2%, respectively, with statistically significant (P≤0.01); for 41-50 years, 51-60 years, >60 years in males and females were no statistically significant (P>0.05), the reference intervals were 4.8%-6.2%, 4.8%-6.4%, and 5.1%-6.4%, respectively. Compared in HbA1c reference intervals in this paper with ADA and Chinese Clinical Operating Program, the difference were statistically significant (P=0.000). ConclusionUnder the standardized test of HbA1c, HbA1c concentrations of age and gender groups of 1 931 healthy adults in Quanzhou area are partial different, the reference interval of HbA1c of age and gender groups for healthy adults in Quanzhou area are established.