ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility of three-dimensional (3-D) visualization reconstruction of the medial sural artery perforator flap based on digital technology. MethodsA series of Dicom images were obtained from three healthy adult volunteers by dual source CT angiography. Then the Mimics software was used to construct the medial sural artery model and measure the indexes, including the starting position of medial sural artery, external diameters of vascular pedicle, the number of perforators, location perforated deep fascia, and the maximum pedicle length of perforators based on medial sural artery perforator flap. ResultsThe 3-D visualization reconstruction models were successfully finished with Mimics software, which can clearly display the distribution, travel, and perforating point. Thirteen perforators were found in 6 legs, which started at the popliteal artery with a mean external diameter of 2.3 mm (range, 1.9-2.7 mm). Each specimen had 1-3 perforators, which located at the site of 6.2-15.0 cm distal to popliteal crease and 2.5-4.2 cm from posterior midline. The maximum pedicle length of medial sural artery perforator flap was 10.2-13.8 cm (mean, 11.8 cm). ConclusionThe 3-D visualization reconstruction models based on digital technology can provide dynamic visualization of the anatomy of the medial sural artery for individualized design of the medial sural artery perforator flap.
ObjectiveTo explore the effectiveness of the free bilobed medial sural artery perforator (BMSAP) flap to repair penetrating wound of the foot. MethodsBetween April 2012 and October 2014, 7 cases of foot penetrating wounds were treated with the BMSAP flap. There were 5 males and 2 females, aged from 21 to 43 years (mean, 31.5 years). The causes of injury included the crush injury (4 cases), blunt puncture (2 cases), and firearm injury (1 case). The wound was located at the left foot in 4 cases and at the right foot in 3 cases. There were longitudinal penetrating injury in 5 cases and transverse penetrating injury in 2 cases. The size of wound ranged from 4 cm×3 cm to 9 cm×7 cm. The interval between injury and admission was 0.5-5.5 hours (mean, 3.2 hours). The free BMSAP flap of 5 cm×4 cm-10 cm×8 cm in size was used to repair the wounds on both sides and to reconstruct the sensation. The donor site was sutured or repaired with skin graft. ResultsAfter operation, 1 case had distal flap necrosis, the flap survived after dressing change; 1 case had wound infection, and delayed healing was obtained after drainage; and the flap survived completely, and primary healing was obtained in the other 5 cases. The skin grafts survived and healing of incision by first intention was observed at donor sites. The patients were followed up from 7 to 24 months (mean, 12.5 months). The flap had soft texture and similar color to normal skin. According to the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) sensory function assessment system, 1 case was rated as S2, 4 cases as S3, and 2 cases as S3+. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was 86-97 (mean, 93.6); the results were excellent in 6 cases and good in 1 case. ConclusionThe free BMSAP flap is very suitable to repair penetrating wound of the foot. The flap has the advantages of repairing the two wounds at the same time and reconstructing skin sensation as well.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of the free medial sural artery perforator flap for repairing anterior dorsal foot wound. MethodsBetween January 2010 and April 2015, 16 patients with skin and soft tissue defects of the anterior foot dorsal side were treated. There were 12 males and 4 females with the average age of 35 years (mean, 16-58 years). The disease causes included burn in 5 cases, traffic accident injury in 8 cases, and crush injury in 3 cases. The time from injury to admission was 2-30 hours (mean, 6.5 hours). The wound area ranged from 4 cm×3 cm to 10 cm×7 cm; combined injury included defects of lateral collateral ligament and joint capsule in 3 cases, and bone exposure in 12 cases, and all had exposure of tendon. Wounds were repaired with the medial sural artery perforator flap in 13 cases, and with medial sural artery perforator composite tissue flap carrying of medial head of gastrocnemius muscle flap in 3 cases. The size of flaps ranged from 5 cm×4 cm to 11 cm×8 cm. The donor site was sutured directly or was repaired with skin grafting. ResultsAll flaps survived well and wounds healed with stage I; skin grafts at donor site survived and the incision healed with stage I. All patients were followed up 6-36 months (mean, 11 months). The appearance of skin flap was satisfactory, without overstaffed; the joint of reconstructed ligament was stable, without secondary deformity. There was no obvious depression at the donor site, and no effect on the function. ConclusionThe medial sural artery perforator flap has the advantages of relatively constant perforator anatomy, reliable blood supply, and carries the gastrocnemius muscle flap for repair of compound tissue defect. It is one of better ways to repair the anterior dorsal foot wound.
ObjectiveTo review the research progress of the clinical application of the medial sural artery perforator flap (MSAPF).MethodsThe relevant domestic and abroad literature on the clinical application of MSAPF was extensively consulted, and the research progress were summarized and analyzed in aspect of its definition, anatomical characteristics, clinical application, surgical resection and improvement, and advantages and disadvantages of flaps, etc.ResultsMSAPF has the advantages of relatively constant anatomical position, thin flap texture, long vascular pedicle, large vessel diameter, no sacrifice of main blood vessels, concealed donor site, no hair, and fewer complications; it can carry nerves, tendons, and muscles to construct chimeric flaps to repair three-dimensional wounds; and can also repair wounds with high aesthetic and functional requirements such as hand, foot and ankle, head and neck, etc.ConclusionThe MSAPF is a versatile, various forms, functional diversification, and three-dimensional flap donor site with various application forms and ideal repair effectiveness.
Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of medial sural artery perforator flap in the repair of small and medium size skin and soft tissue defects in the ipsilateral lower extremities. Methods The clinical data of patients with small and medium area skin and soft tissue defects of lower limbs admitted to Restorative and Reconstructive Department, NO.1 Orthopedics Hospital of Chengdu between September 2021 and January 2023 was retrospectively analyzed. Basic information of patients was collected. The anatomical characteristics, application methods, and clinical results of the flap were recorded after operation, and the comprehensive efficacy evaluation table of the flap was used to evaluate the clinical efficacy at the last follow-up. Results A total of 13 patients were included. There were 12 males and 1 female. A total of 19 perforating branches of medial sural artery were found in the 13 cases, with an average of 1.46 perforating branches. The incision range of the flap was 5.5 cm×3.5 cm−13.5 cm×5.0 cm. Anterograde pedicle metastasis occurred in 3 cases and free transplantation occurred in 10 cases; mosaic flaps were used in 5 cases, lobed flaps in 1 case, and conventional perforator flaps in the remaining 7 cases. All the flaps survived successfully. All the 13 patients were followed up for 4-15 months, with an average of (10.38±3.64) months. The comprehensive score of flap efficacy was 77-92 points, with an average of (86.76±4.45) points. Among them, 5 cases were excellent, 8 cases were good, and the excellent and good rate was 100%. Conclusion The multifunctional features and flexible use of medial sural artery perforator flap increase the repair strategy of small and medium-sized wounds of the ipsilateral lower limbs, and can obtain better aesthetic repair results.
Objective To investigate the accuracy of positioning perforator of medial sural artery with three-dimensional ultrasound technique guided by a wide band linear matrix array volume transducer probe before operation, and the effectiveness of the flap design based on this in repairing the dorsal foot wounds. Methods Between January 2019 and December 2022, 30 patients with skin and soft tissue defects of the dorsal foot were treated. There were 19 males and 11 females, with an average age of 43.9 years (range, 22-63 years). There were 12 cases of traffic accident injury, 15 cases of heavy crushing injury, and 3 cases of machine injury. The time from injury to hospitalization was 1-8 hours (mean, 3.5 hours). The wounds in size of 5 cm×3 cm to 17 cm×5 cm were thorough debrided and covered with vacuum sealing drainage dressing. Then the wounds were repaired with the medial sural artery perforator flaps after no obvious infection observed. To obtain the complete three-dimensional image, the number and position of the medial sural artery perforator branches and the position of the main blood vessels in the muscle were detected and recorded by wide band linear matrix array volume transducer probe before operation. Suitable perforating branches were selected to design the flap and guide the flap incision on this basis. The size of the perforating flap ranged from 6 cm×4 cm to 18 cm×6 cm. The sensitivity and positive predictive value were calculated by comparing preoperative exploration with intraoperative observation of perforating branches, so as to evaluate the positioning accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasound technique. The donor sites were sutured directly in 25 cases and repaired with free skin grafting in 5 cases. Results The 60 perforating branches of medial sural artery were found before operation and 58 during operation in 30 patients. Among them, pre- and intra-operative perforations were consistent with 56. The sensitivity was 93.3% and positive predictive value was 96.6%. The intramuscular position and route of the main blood vessels were basically consistent with the pre- and intra-operative observation. All flaps survived and wounds healed by first intention. All incisions at the donor sites healed by first intention, and all skin grafts survived. All patients were follow up 9-24 months (mean, 14.7 months). The appearance, color, and texture of the flaps were good, and no obvious effect on wearing shoes and walking. At last follow-up, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hind score ranged from 80 to 92, with an average of 87.5. The patient satisfaction was excellent in 29 cases and good in 1 case. Conclusion The three-dimensional ultrasound technique guided by the wide band linear matrix array volume transducer probe can accurately locate the perforating branch of the medial sural artery, and the three-dimensional imaging is more intuitive, which can be used to guide the design and incision of the medial sural artery perforator flap.