Thymectomy is a major surgical procedure for patients with non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis，and can enhance their symptomatic remission rate and cure rate. There is still much controversy about appropriate surgical approach and extent of resection of thymectomy. The majority of thoracic surgeons believe that the completeness of thymectomy is closely associated with clinical symptom improvement，and perform complete resection of encapsulated thymus and surroun-ding fat tissues via mid-sternotomy. But minimally invasive thymectomies are often more acceptable by patients. On the contrary，in view of common existence of ectopic thymus tissue，some thoracic surgeons advocate a combination of cervical incision and sternotomy in order to further completely remove all thymus tissue.
Objective To investigate application values and techniques of robot-assisted extended thymectomy for the treatment of typeⅠmyasthenia gravis （MG） using Da Vinci S system. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 3 patients with MG who underwent robot-assisted extended thymectomy in General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command from March 2012 to September 2012. All the patients were ocular MG （typeⅠ） including 2 men （33 years and 66 years old respectively） and 1 woman （21 years old）. Surgical outcomes were analyzed. Results All the 3 patients successfully received robot-assisted extended thymectomy without accessorial incisions. None of the patients required converting to open sternotomy or postoperative reexploration for bleeding. Intraoperative blood loss was 5-10 ml．Overall operation time was95-138 minutes, and thymoma dissection time was 26-80 minutes. No myasthenic crisis or other major postoperative complic-ation occurred. Postoperative chest drainage duration was 3-9 days and postoperative hospital stay was 10-15 days. Two patientswere followed up for 6-12 months after discharge without MG recurrence. Conclusion Robot-assisted extended thymectomy is safe and feasible for the treatment of typeⅠMG with satisfactory results．
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of thymoma and thymoma with myasthenia gravis(MG). Methods From Oct.1979 to July 2004,185 patients with thymoma were surgically treated. Among these patients, comparative analysis was made between 94 cases of thymoma (thymoma group) and 91 cases of thymus tumor with MG(thymoma with MG group).155 patients underwent radical operation (83.8%),16 patients underwent palliative operation (8.6%),and 14 patients underwent exploratory operation (7.6%). Clinical characteristics was analyzed in two groups. The factors affecting prognosis was analyzed by Masaoka’s stage system, with the lifttable method. Results Five patients died after operation, others had complete remission or symptomatic improvement. There was statistically difference of Masaoka’s stage system in two groups (χ2=53.14, P＜0.05). There were no statistically difference in pathological type of thymoma and clinical type of MG and pathologic period (χ2=8.21, P＞0.05). 57 cases of thymoma group were followed up, the duration of follow-up was 1 to 10 years, average follow-up was 40.7 months, and the patients with 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 70.2% (40/57), 66.7% (22/33), 593% (16/27) respectively. 55 cases of thymoma with MG group were followed up. The patients’ survival rates were 98.2% (54/55), 86.4% (38/44), 81.6% (31/38) at 1-, 3-and 5-year respectively. There was no statistically difference of survival rates in two groups (χ2=0.83, P＞0.05). Totally, 112 patients were followed up in two groups, by Masaoka’s stage system, the 5-year survival rates were 93.7% for stage Ⅰ, 79.2% for stageⅡ, 51.4% for stage Ⅲ and 0% for stage Ⅳ respectively. Result of asaoka’s stage system evidence was statistically significant (χ25-year=51.62, P＜0.01). Conclusions Pathological type of thymoma isn’t related to modified Osserman’s classification, prognosis of thymoma is obviously related to Masaoka’s stage and isn’t related to MG. Generalized MG is the major type in MG patients accompanied by thymomas, and the major pathological type is lymphocytic. Chest CT can increase the accuracy early diagnosis of thymoma. The principal treatment is to resect the tumor as completely as possible, and proper administration of postoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy according to the surgical status. Operative program and tumor stage are the most important prognostic factors.
Objective To evaluate the risk factors affecting the prognosis in patients with myasthenia gravis after thymeetomy. Methods Therapeutic effects were evaluated with Relative Counting Method in 136 cases with myasthenia gravis who receivingthymectomy. Six clinical factors including sex, age, preoperative course, et al. were converted into quantitative parameters and used for analysis. Cumulative logit model for ordinal response was employed to investigate the therapeutic effects of various factors. Results Sex, age and preoperative course exerted significant effects on postoperative prognosis in patients with myasthenia gravis, while clinical subtype, pathological changes and preoperative administration of cholinesterase inhibitors had no significant impact on therapeutic effects. Conclusion Some factors may lead to the remission and improvement in postoperative patients with myasthenia gravis, therefore, they should be included for the evaluation of prognosis. Early diagnosis and early thymeetomy may improve the therapeutic effects and shorten the duration of amelioration.
Objective To summarize experiences of surgical treatment and long-term results of myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods Two hundred thirty-six patients underwent thymectomy for MG in our department from Jan.1978 to Dec. 2002. The perioperative management, relative factors of postoperative crisis and long-term results were analysed. Results In 236 patients postoperative crisis took place in 44 cases accounted for 18.6%. The occurrence of postoperative crisis was related to preoperative management, modified Osserman clinical classification and combination with thymoma. Three cases died in the postoperative periods. Among them, one died of acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by aspiration and the other died of crisis. The effective rate in 1, 3, 5 years was 84.6%, 91.0% and 89.0% respectively. Conclusions Thymectomy for MG is safe and effective. Delayed extubation could decrease the needs of tracheotomy in patients with high risk factors for postoperative crisis. The partial sternotomy approach is less traumatic but the long-term effects of surgery are identical to those reported by the most authors.
Ten cases of ptosis from myasthenia gravis were treated by an horing myocutancous flap from upper eyelid to the frontal belly of the occipito-frontalis muscle. This flap was very elastic in texture and possessed a b hanging force, and without the ill-effect of tissue rejection. It could effectively restore the function of the upper eyelid with the aid of the action of occipito-frontalis muscle. The patients were followed up from 1 to 3 years with satisfactory results.
Objective To investigate the value of ice test in the diagnosis of ptosis of myasthenia gravis(MG). Methods A total of 32 patients with myasthenic ptosis and 33 with nonmyasthenic ptosis underwent ice and rest test which were performed alternately twice within 1 day on each patient. Besides, neostigmine test was performed on the patients with myasthenic ptosis after ice and rest test . Two observers who didnrsquo;t know the clinical diagnosis were asked to evaluate the improvement of eyelid elevation by measuring the width between the midpoints of upper and lower eyelid with a 20mm steel rule (precision of 0.5 mm). The average of margin of palpebral fissure width after double ice or rest tests subtrac ted from the one before the tests in one patient was the standard of the improve ment of eyelid elevation. Results Ice and rest test improved myasthenic ptosis but not nonmyasthenic ptosis with the specificity of 100% in both of the tests. In addition, ice test improved myasthenic ptosis more effectively with a higher sensitivity of 78%, and it could also improve the palpebral fissure width in pa i tents with complete myasthenic ptosis apparently. Compared with the neostigmine test, ice test had lower sensitivity, cost shorter time, didnt need injection which avoided the discomfort, and had no side effects. Conclusion Ice test is a simple and safe means with high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose myasthenic ptosis, which is valuable in clinical application. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2006,22:382-384）
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in patients with myasthenic crisis after thymectomy. Methods31 myasthenic crisis patients after thymectomy who initially used NIV,admitted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between January 2011 and June 2013,were analyzed retrospectively.They were assigned to two groups according to the successful application of NIV or not,with 13 patients in the NIV success group and 18 patients in the NIV failure group.The related factors including gender,age,APACHEⅡ score when admitted to ICU,the results of blood gas analysis before NIV,thymoma or not,the history of myasthenic crisis,the history of chronic lung disease,and minute ventilation accounted for the largest percentage of predicted value (MVV%pred)were analyzed. ResultsThere were no significant differences in age,gender,or APACHEⅡ score between two groups (P>0.05).The PaCO2 in the NIV success group was lower than that in the NIV failure group.The preoperative MVV%pred in the NIV success group was higher than that in the NIV failure group.There were no significant differences between two groups in pH,PO2,thymoma or not,the history of myasthenic crisis,or the history of chronic lung disease (P>0.05).If using the 45 mm Hg as the cut-off value of PaCO2 and 60% as the cut-off value of MVV%pred,the incidence of PaCO2<45 mm Hg and the incidence of MVV%pred>60% were higher in the NIV success group than those in the NIV failure group (84.6% vs.33.3%, P<0.05;100% vs. 55.6%,P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis revealed that PaCO2<45 mm Hg was an independent influence factor for successful application of NIV in patients with myasthenic crisis after thymectomy. ConclusionPaCO2<45 mm Hg can be a predictor of successful application of NIV in patients with myasthenic crisis after thymectomy.For the patients underwent NIV whose PaCO2<45 mm Hg or MVV%pred<60%,the clinician should predict the possibility of failure and prepared for intubation.
ObjectiveTo assess the long-term efficacy of extended thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis(MG) and the factors influencing the results. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 45 MG patients who underwent extended thymectomy in our hospital from January 2005 through December 2010. There were 11males and 34 females at age of 32.6(16-50) years. The overall effective rate was calculated. Univariate analysis was used to analyze the risk factors including sex, age, Osserman classification, and pathological type for outcomes. ResultsAll the patients were followed up for a mean of 58.3 months(ranged from 36 to 108 months). The overall effective rate was 80.0%(36/45) and rose with the extention of time. Age(P=0.019), pathological type(P=0.024) of thymus and Osserman classification(P=0.043) of MG were the main factors influencing the outcomes of the treatment except sex(P=0.666). ConclusionExtended thymectomy in the treatment of MG has better outcomes. And the overall effective rate rises with the extention of time.
ObjectiveTo analyze the risk factors for post-thymectomy myasthenic crisis (PTMC) and prolonged mechanical ventilation, in myasthenia gravis patients who underwent extended thymectomy. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 79 patients including 38 males and 41 females who experienced PTMC and required mechanical ventilation in Daping Hospital between June 2008 and November 2014. Single factor analysis and multivariate analysis were conducted. ResultsMorbidity of PTMC was 20.6% (79/384). Result of single-factor analysis showed that postoperative pneumonia was one of the main reasons of prolonged mechanical ventilation (P < 0.05). Result of multiple-factor analysis showed that the operation time was positively correlated with mechanical ventilation time (P < 0.05). The risk factor of prolonged mechanical ventilation time in PTMC was not associated with sex, age, disease history, myasthenic crisis history, Osserman classification, dosage of pyridostigmine before and after the operation, surgical approach, bleeding volume, other therapies besides mechanical ventilation (P > 0.05). ConclusionMechanical ventilation is one the main therapy of PTMC, operation time, and postoperative pneumonia are the main factors to prolong mechanical ventilation time. In order to decrease morbidity of PTMC and shorten mechanical ventilation time, the operation time should be controlled and pulmonary infection should be avoided.