ObjectiveTo systematically review the influence of childhood psychosocial stress on pubertal emotional and behavioral problems. MethodsThe PubMed, OVID, EBSCO, Web of Science, CBM, VIP, WanFang Data and CNKI databases were electronically searched to collect studies on the relationship between childhood psychosocial stress and pubertal emotional and behavioral problems from inception to February 29, 2024. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in the included studies. Qualitative methods were then used to analyze the data. ResultsA total of 41 cohort studies were included. And outcomes in 19 studies involved pubertal emotional problems, 26 studies involved behavioral problems, and 7 studies involved overall problems. The results showed that depression (14/19) and anxiety (8/19) were the most commonly reported emotional behaviors. Most studies (17/19) showed that childhood psychological stress had a positive predictive effect on pubertal emotional problems. Behavioral problems involve many outcomes, including smoking, drinking, illegal substance use, self-injurious behavior, suicide, externalizing behavior, criminal behavior, bullying behavior, sexual behavior, mobile phone dependence, etc. However, few studies are on the same behaviors, and the relationship between childhood psychosocial stress and behavioral problems was unclear. ConclusionChildhood psychosocial stress may have a positive predictive effect on depression and anxiety. The association between childhood psychosocial stress and pubertal behavioral problems and other emotional problems remains to be determined by more studies.