ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors of adjacent fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF).MethodsA total of 2 216 patients who received PVP due to symptomatic OVCF between January 2014 and January 2017 and met the selection criteria were selected as study subjects. The clinical data was collected, including gender, age, height, body mass, history of smoking and drinking, whether the combination of hypertension, diabetes, coronary arteriosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bone mineral density, the number of fractured vertebrae, the amount of cement injected into single vertebra, the cement leakage, and whether regular exercise after operation, whether regular anti-osteoporosis treatment after operation. Firstly, single factor analysis was performed on the observed indicators to preliminarily screen the influencing factors of adjacent fractures after PVP. Then, logistic regression analysis was carried out for relevant indicators with statistical significance to screen risk factors.ResultsAll patients were followed up 12-24 months, with an average of 15.8 months. Among them, 227 patients (10.24%) had adjacent fractures. The univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between the fracture group and non-fracture group in age, gender, preoperative bone density, history of smoking and drinking, COPD, the number of fractured vertebrae and the amount of bone cement injected into the single vertebra, as well as regular exercise after operation, regular anti-osteoporosis treatment after operation (P<0.05). Further multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the elderly and female, history of smoking, irregular exercise after operation, irregular anti-osteoporosis treatment after operation, low preoperative bone density, large number of fractured vertebrae, and small amount of bone cement injected into the single vertebra were risk factors for adjacent fractures after PVP in OVCF patients (P<0.05).ConclusionThe risk of adjacent fractures after PVP increases in elderly, female patients with low preoperative bone mineral density, large number of fractured vertebrae, and insufficient bone cement injection. The patients need to quit smoking, regular exercise, and anti-osteoporosis treatment after PVP.