Objective To explore the association of macrophages with carcinogenesis and development of gastric cancer. Method The related literatures at home and abroad were consulted and reviewed. Results The microenvironment of gastric cancer could induce the polarization of macrophages，and then the activated macrophages，especially the tumor associated macrophages，could in turn motivate the growth，invasion，and metastasis of tumor cells by secreting a series of active substances. Conclusions Macrophages，especially the tumor associated macrophages play an importantrole in the carcinogenesis and development of gastric cancer. Investigating the macrophages and their interaction with gastric cancer may lead to a profound understanding of carcinogenesis of gastric cancer as well as opening up a new prospectfor treatment.
Objective To assess the effectiveness and safety of ibutilide and propafenone in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL). Methods All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on ibutilide and propafenone for AF and AFL were retrieved from databases including CBM (1978 to October 2011), VIP (1989 to October 2011), CNKI (1994 to October 2011) and WanFang Data (1998 to October 2011). The quality of included RCTs was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 4.2.6, and the Cochrane Collaboration’s software RevMan 5.0 was used for meta-analysis. Results 16 RCTs involving 1 196 patients were included. Results of meta-analysis showed that: a) About effectiveness: compare with propafenone applied as routine therapy, ibutilide was more effective in the total conversion rate of AF and AFL with regards to the time of 0~90 min, 0~4 hour and 0~24 hour with significant differences (OR=3.32, OR=2.69, OR=3.08, respectively, Plt;0.000 1); In subgroup analysis, a significant difference was found in the conversion rate of AF or AFL in the time of 0~90min. In the time duration for conversion, there was a significant difference (MD=–25.12, 95%CI –30.43 to –19.82, Plt;0.000 01); and b) About the safety: there was a significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia (OR=3.15, 95%CI 1.97 to 5.05, Plt;0.000 01) and other adverse effects (OR=0.16, 95%CI 0.08 to 0.33, Plt;0.000 01). Conclusion Current evidence shows that ibutilide is more effective than propafenone in converting AF or AFL, with a higher incidence of cardiac arrhythmia than propafenone. However, more high-quality, large-scale RCTs are still needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of ibutilide and propafenone for AF/AFL because of the limitation of the methodological quality and sample size of the included studies.
The dramatically increasing high-resolution medical images provide a great deal of useful information for cancer diagnosis, and play an essential role in assisting radiologists by offering more objective decisions. In order to utilize the information accurately and efficiently, researchers are focusing on computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) in cancer imaging. In recent years, deep learning as a state-of-the-art machine learning technique has contributed to a great progress in this field. This review covers the reports about deep learning based CAD systems in cancer imaging. We found that deep learning has outperformed conventional machine learning techniques in both tumor segmentation and classification, and that the technique may bring about a breakthrough in CAD of cancer with great prospect in the future clinical practice.