Objective To analyze the causes of pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and to review its diagnosis and treatment methods. Methods Domestic and abroad l iterature concerning pain after TKA was extensively reviewed and thoroughly analyzed. Results Pain after TKA was divided into intra-articular and extra-articular factors, systematic assessment, appropriate imaging, and laboratory tests were useful to confirm the diagnosis; targeted surgery could effectively rel ieve the pain. Conclusion The causes of pain after TKA are complex and diverse, the first step is to exclude intraarticular infection, for patients having a clear cause the appropriate surgery is effective. Otherwise revision should be carried outcautiously under condition of unexplained pain and conservative treatment can rel ieve pain to some degree.
To review the latest development of amniotic fluid-derived stem cell(AFS) and to predict its future appl ication. Methods The recent articles about AFS were extensively reviewed. The origin, culture, identification, and directional differentiation as well as future appl ication of AFS were summarized and discussed. Results In 1993, AFS were thought to be exist possibly, and it was confirmed in recent years. AFS have some surface markers l ike other stem cells, and has multi-differentiated potential and extensive future appl ication in cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches. Conclusion As a new stem cell, AFS remains to be further researched.
To introduce the lasted advance of research on cytokine in the process of union-fracture as well as cl inical appl ication. Methods The related biomedical research materials at home and broad were consulted and analyzed.Results Cytokines participate in and promote the process of union of fracture. Conclusion Nowadays, there are more detailed study at the level of cells. But the mechanism of interaction between cells has still not completely been known in the process of union-fracture. Therefore, further elucidating function and mechanism, especially interaction between cytokines is what we are gong to solve in the future.