The incidence of chronic kidney disease is increasing worldwide, which greatly increases the risk of end-stage renal disease. It is particularly important to find out the risk factors for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. Whether gender is a risk factor for the progression of kidney disease remains controversial with inconsistent results in human cohort studies with diabetic or non-diabetic kidney disease. In most of the studies, women seem to exhibit certain gender advantages. Sex hormones, renal hemodynamics and lifestyle differences may play an important role. The underlying mechanism of gender affecting the progression of kidney disease deserves further exploration. This article reviews the gender differences and possible mechanisms in diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease, in order to provide reference for future research.
ObjectiveTo analyse baseline information, semen, sex hormones and sexual function to understand the differences between male patient with epilepsy(MPWE) and healthy men. At the same time, we preliminarily evaluated the risk factors related to reproductive function in MPWE to provide clinical method for reducing the risk of infertility.MethodsWe collected data of 112 MPWE in the Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University from February 2019 to February 2020. Sixty-seven healthy male volunteers matching the age of the survey group were selected. All men completed semen and sex hormone test. Men with sexual life experience completed the International index of erectile function scale (IIEF-5) and the Premature ejaculation diagnostic tool (PEDT). MPWE completed the Quality of life in epilepsy-1(QOLIE-31). The baseline data, semen quality, sex hormone level and sexual function questionnaire scores of MPWE and healthy controls were compared. In addition, according to the diagnostic criteria of abnormal male reproductive function, MPWE were divided into abnormal group and normal group. Single factor analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were used to preliminarily explore the related risk factors of reproductive function in MPWE.ResultsCompared with the healthy control group, the proportion of married and childbearing, testosterone level, sperm concentration, sperm survival rate and IIEF-5 score in MPWE were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Compared with the normal group, age, body mass index, seizure frequency and drug type in the abnormal group were significant differences statistically (P<0.05). The total score and energy score of QOLIE-31 in the abnormal group were significantly lower than that in the normal group (P<0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis indicated that energy score [B=−0.033, OR=0.967, 95%CI(0.937, 0.999)], age [B=0.879, OR=2.408, 95%CI (1.070, 5.416)], seizure frequency [B=1.788, OR=5.976, 95% CI (2.031, 17.589)].ConclusionThe reproductive function of MPWE is lower than that in healthy men. The total score, energy score, age, body mass index, seizure frequency and type of drugs will significantly affect the reproductive function of MPWE. Energy score, age and seizure frequency are independent risk factors that affect the reproductive function of MPWE. Abnormal reproductive function of MPWE was positively correlated with age and seizure frequency, but negatively correlated with energy score.