Objective To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor （PPI） and H2RA for stress ulcer bleeding in stroke patients. Methods Randomized controlled trials （RCT） were identified from MEDLINE （ 1966- Oct. 2005 ） ,EMBASE （ 1984- Oct. 2005 ）, The Cochrane Library （ Issue 4,2005 ）, CBMdisc （ 1980- Oct. 2005 ） and VIP（ 1980- Oct. 2005 ）. We handsearched the related published and unpublished data and their references. The quality of included trials was evaluated. Data were extracted by two reviewers independently with a designed extraction form. RevMan 4. 2.7 software was used for data analysis. Results Twenty RCT were included with 2 624 patients. The results of meta-analysis were listed as follows： （1） stress ulcer bleeding （SUB） ： PPI （ OR 0.14,95% CI 0.08 to 0.24, NNT = 3 ） and H2RA （OR 0.24,95% CI 0.15 to 0.39, NNT =5） significantly reduced the incidence of SUB in comparison with control group. PPI significantly reduced the incidence of SUB compared with H2R.A（P 〈0. 00001 ）. （2） Mortality： PPI （OR 0.22,95% CI 0. 11 to 0.47, NNT =8） and H2RA （OR 0.53,95% CI 0. 34 to 0.81, NNT =16） significantly decreased the mortality compared with non-prophylaxis group. PPI significantly decreased the mortality compared with H2RA （OR 0.28,95% CI 0.09 to 0. 89）. （3） Adverse effect： There were not evident adverse effects in both PPI and H2RA groups. Conclusions PPI and H2RA may reduce the incidence and mortality of SUB in stroke patients, and PPls are better in reducing incidence of SUB than H2RA.
Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of histamine H2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) for the prevention of stress ulcer bleeding (SUB) in critically ill patients. Methods Trials were identified by searching Cochrane Controlled Trials (Issue 4, 2006), MEDLINE (1980 to October 2006),EMbase (1984 to October 2006) and the Chinese Biological Medicine Database (1978 to October), Chinese VIP Database (1989 to October 2006) and Chinese EBM Database. We also handsearched the proceedings of relevant conferences, 5 kinds of important Chinese journals and the references of all included trials. Two reviewers assessed the quality of studies and extracteddata independently. Disagreement was resolved by discussion . The primary outcomes included were incidence of SUB, incidence of nosocomial pneumonia (NP), mortality and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were gastric pH, length of hospital stayand length of ICU stay. RevMan4.2.7 software was used for meta-analyses. Results Sixteen trials involving 2 014 patients were included. Most of the trials were of poor quality. Meta-analyses showed that H2RA significantly less SUB comparedwith patients in the placebo or non-prophylaxis group (RR 0.39, 95%CI 0.28 to 0.56; Plt;0.000 01, NNT=6), but but there was no significant difference in the incidence of clinically important bleeding (RR 0.51 , 95%CI 0.17 to 1.53; P=0.11). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of NP(RR 1.02, 95%CI 0.55 to 1.89,P=0.95). H2RA significantly decreased mortality in comparison with placebo or non-prophylaxis (RR 0.68, 95%CI 0.52 to 0.90; P=0.007, NNT=18). H2RA had a good safety profile. We did not perform meta-analysis for gastric pH due to the methodological limitations. Conclusion H2RA may significantly reduce the incidence of SUB and mortality, but cannot reduce the incidence of clinically important bleeding. Due to the poor quality of included studies, the conclusion should be interpreted cautiously. More randomized controlled trials with sufficient sample size, uniform standards, higher quality and scientifically sound methodology should be performed.
Objective To investigate the effects and possible mechanism of the local content changes of nitrogen monoxidum on bile reflux in rats’ pylori stress ulcer. Methods Fifty adult SD rats were restrained in planes and then were soaked in cold water to make stress ulcer. They were divided into three groups randomly: the stress group (30 cases), the L-NAME group (10 cases), whose pylori were injected with L-NAME solution and the normal saline group (10 cases), whose pylori were treated with saline solution. Besides, there were another 10 rats taken as the control group. The gastric ulcer index, pH value and bile acid concentration of gastric juice in each group were measured before and after stress. The local concentrations of nitrogen monoxidum in rats’ pylori were also measured by nitrogen monoxidum Biochemical Detection Kit. Results The local content of nitrogen monoxidum in rats’ pylori increased to maximum at 1 h after stress （P＜0.01）, while the bile acid and pH value of gastric juice went up to the maximum at 2 h after stress （P＜0.01）. The ulcer index reached the peak value at 4 h after stress （P＜0.01）. The bile acid concentration and ulcer index of the group injected with L-NAME solution in rats’ pylori decreased significantly compared with those of the group treated with normal saline solution (P＜0.01). The local concentration of nitrogen monoxidum also decreased significantly in the L-NAME group (P＜0.05）. However, there was no difference on pH values of gastric juice between those two groups (Pgt;0.05). Conclusion There is a positive correlation between the local concentration of nitrogen monoxidum in pylori and bile acid in the stomach in rats with stress ulcer. Injection of L-NAME solution in rats’ pylori may reduce the local content of nitrogen monoxidum so that the pyloric sphincter become less tense, which may lead to the significant decreases of ulcer index and bile acid in the stomach. Thus, L-NAME may protect gastric mucus effectively.
Objective To investigate the relationship among rats′ stress ulcer and gastric acid, prostaglandin (PGs) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and to probe the pathogenesis, prophylaxis and therapy. Methods Rats′ stress ulcer model was made by cold water soaking and was properly treated with drugs such as hyoscine, dexamethasone, ranitidine and losec. The amount and pH of gastric juice, change of gastric mucosa and PGs and ACTH of blood were determined. Results After rats were fasted for 24 hours a little gastric juice was aspirated. After cold water soaking of rats gastric juice was increased with the pH decreased, there was gastric mucosal bleeding, blood PGs was decreased and ACTH was increased. These suggest that on stress gastric mucosa bleeding is related with decreased gastric juice pH, decreased PGs and increase ACTH.Conclusion To control stress ulcer, pH of gastric juice and amount of PGs should be increased. Losec can increase gastric juice pH, so losec is the first choice to control stress ulcer.
ObjectiveTo research on the advances of stress ulcer drug prophylaxis. MethodsGuidelines for stress ulcer prophylaxis in and out of China were searched and analyzed. Risk factors for stress ulcer, recommended prevention drugs and safety of medicines were summarized. ResultsThe risk factors for stress ulcer included mechanical ventilation, coagulopathy, severe sepsis, multiple organ failure, shock, severe head injury, burns, major trauma, older than 65 and drug use. The recommended prevention drugs included proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonist and misoprostol, which played a role in the reduction of bleeding in intensive care units. However, recommended drugs had little function in the reduction of bleeding in general patients outside the intensive care units, which was even not recommended or supported in the clinical literature. Related adverse effects of these drugs also needed careful consideration. ConclusionExistence of risk factors for stress ulcer does not necessarily indicate the use of preventive drugs. Drug prophylaxis is used only for critically ill patients. This view summarized by the author provides a reference for physicians and pharmacists.