ObjectiveTo observe the effect of scleral buckling surgery (SB) in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with subretinal hyperplasia (SRP). MethodsA retrospective case study. From January 2016 to December 2018, 31 patients with old RRD with SRP who were treated with SB in Department of Ophthalmology, Central Theater Command General Hospital were included in the study. There were 18 males with 20 eyes and 13 females with 15 eyes. Age was (26.5±8.7) years. The course of disease was (12.6±10.3) months. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) test was performed using the international standard visual acuity chart, which was converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity at the time of recording. Retinal detachment ranges ≤2, ＞2-＜3, ≥3 quadrants were 10 (28.6%, 10/35), 20 (57.1%, 20/35), and 5 (14.3%, 5/35) eyes, respectively. All affected eyes were treated with SB. Among them, 22 eyes (63.0%, 22/35) underwent local Scleral buckling, 11 eyes (31.4%, 11/35) underwent combined encircling buckle, and 2 eyes (5.7%, 2/35) underwent encircling buckle alone. Subretinal fluid drainage was performed in 33 eyes (94.3%, 33/35). The mean follow-up time was 18.2 months. Relevant examinations were performed with the same equipment and methods before operation to observe BCVA and retinal reattachment. Paired sample t test was used to compare logMAR BCVA before and after operation. ResultsAt the last follow-up, retinal reattachment occurred in 32 eyes (91.4%, 32/35) of 35 eyes. The retina did not reset in 3 eyes (8.6%, 3/35). logMAR BCVA of affected eye was 0.67±0.29 (finger counting-1.0). The difference of logMAR BCVA before and after operation was statistically significant (t=5.133, P=0.036). In 35 eyes, visual acuity improved, stabilized and decreased in 19 (54.3%, 19/35), 13 (37.1%, 13/35) and 3 (8.6%, 3/35) eyes, respectively. Ten months after surgery, the silicone tape was exposed and infected 1 eye. After the silicone tape was removed, the infection subsided and the retina was in place. There were no intraocular hemorrhage, vitreoretinal impaction, endophthalmitis and other complications during and after operation. ConclusionSB treatment of RRD with SRP can achieve good retinal reposition and improve visual acuity to some extent.