Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 p24 antigen is one of the earliest proteins appearing after HIV infection. It can be used as a diagnostic marker to shorten the detection “window period” to about 14 days. It is of vital importance in the process of early diagnosis and antiviral therapy monitoring. This review briefly describes the basic structure and clinical significance of detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen, focusing on the current domestic and foreign researches on the biosensors of HIV-1 p24 antigen based on new nanomaterials, in order to provide a reference for developing novel detection technology.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical significance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing algorithm combining antigen/antibody assay screening with Western Blot (WB) or HIV nucleic acid.MethodsData of HIV antigen and antibody screening samples in West China Hospital of Sichuan University in 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The 4th generation antigen and antibody reagents were used for initial screening, and the 3rd generation antibody reagents were used for reexamination. WB or HIV nucleic acid detection was performed as supplementary test.ResultsA total of 217 803 samples were initially screened, 718 samples were positive in initial screening (0.33%) and 513 samples were confirmed positive (0.24%). The 718 initial positive samples were confirmed by WB, among them, 513 (71.45%) were positive, 163 (22.70%) were negative, and 42 (5.85%) were indeterminate. Fifteen samples which were negative or indeterminate were detected by HIV RNA, as a result, 6 were positive. Two of four patients turned into positive during follow-up. Among the 536 samples which were positive in both the 4th and 3rd generation assay, there were 513 (95.71%) positive, 6 (1.12%) negative, and 17 (3.17%) indeterminate confirmed by WB; among the 182 samples which were positive in the 4th generation assay but negative in the 3rd generation assay, there were none (0.00%) positive, 157 (86.26%) negative, and 25 (13.74%) indeterminate confirmed by WB. The positive rate of confirmation test of samples positive in the 4th and 3rd generation assay (95.71%, 513/536) was significantly higher than that of samples positive in the 4th generation assay but negative in the 3rd generation assay (0%, 0/182), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=610.091, P<0.001). WB band types for positive samples were dominated by the whole bands and sub-bands, accounting for 82.26%. The cut off index in ≥5 bands group was higher than that in < 4 bands group (P<0.001).ConclusionsSamples with both the 4th and 3rd generation assay positive have a high positive rate of confirmation test, and a supplementary test is needed to be done as soon as possible to confirm the diagnosis. Samples with only the 4th generation assay positive have a low positive rate of confirmation test. But for patients with a high-risk history, HIV nucleic acid should be done as soon as possible for early diagnosis.
Objective To analyze the clinical epidemiological characteristics and trends of newly reported human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in Panzhihua Central Hospital, and provide a scientific basis for general hospitals to formulate precise prevention and control measures. Methods The information such as gender, age, ethnicity, and transmission route of the newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Panzhihua Central Hospital from 2010 to 2019 was retrospectively analyzed. Results A total of 551545 patients were screened for HIV in Panzhihua Central Hospital between 2010 and 2019, among them, 1091 patients were confirmed as HIV infection finally, with a confirmed positive rate of 0.20%. The number of confirmed cases and the positive rate continued to increase from 2010 to 2017, and obviously declined after 2018. The male to female ratio of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients was 2.86∶1, and the 31-45 years old middle-aged and young adults were the majority (31.16%). The majority of HIV/AIDS patients were identified as married (58.02%), primary school education (40.70%), farmers (46.38%), and Han nationality (79.84%). Yi nationality also had a high proportion (18.52%) with an increasing trend year by year (χ2trend=8.131, P=0.004). Yi nationality patients were mainly from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture (58.42%). A high proportion of 50.32% of patients came from other cities, among them, the proportion of patients from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture increased over time (χ2trend=13.608, P<0.001). The transmission routes were mainly through heterosexual sex (90.93%), with an upward tendency of proportion (χ2trend=22.137, P<0.001), and transmission through drug abuse was following (4.49%), with an downward tendency of the proportion (χ2trend=11.758, P=0.001). Significant differences in transmission routes were observed between males and females (P=0.020), and between Han nationality and Yi nationality (P<0.001). Conclusion The newly repored HIV/AIDS patients in Panzhihua Central Hospital have a high proportion of minority nationality, and heterosexual transmission is the main transmission route.
Medical engineering interdisciplinary aims to integrate medicine, engineering science and other disciplines and to carry out scientific research and application in a collaborative manner. At present, the demand for medical engineering interdisciplinary in the field of medical laboratory technology is increasing, which also puts forward new requirements for the “Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Technology”. This article elaborates on the necessity and existing problems of the medical engineering interdisciplinary, reports on the overall ideas of the curriculum reform of “Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Technology” at West China School of Medicine of Sichuan University based on the medical engineering interdisciplinary, and specifically elaborates on the reform practices in three aspects: teaching philosophy, teaching content and methods, and teacher optimization, as well as the preliminary achievements obtained, so as to provide new ideas for the curriculum reform of the “Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Technology”.