Objective To systematically review venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk assessment tools. Methods The Embase, PubMed, CNKI, CBM, WanFang Data, VIP databases and 22 relevant institutions and associations were searched to identify all VTE assessment tools from inception to December 31, 2022. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and cross-checked the data. A qualitative analysis was used to describe the country's essential characteristics, publishing organization, year, applicable disease type, applicable population, tool formation method, etc. Key elements and techniques were compared in terms of evaluation dimension, methods, and procedures to form the tool, risk stratification ability, and whether to verify. Results A total of 42 VTE risk assessment tools were included, of which 16 were in the United States, and only 4 were in China. They were released between 1996 and 2021, and the applicable disease types and populations differ. Nineteen tools were constructed based on case-control or retrospective cohort studies, 16 were conducted using prospective cohort studies, and 5 were based on cross-sectional and RCT studies; Additionally, 20 tools were built based on logistic regression models; The evaluation dimensions of each tool differed, and the most common frequency of occurrences were VTE history, age, BMI value, and confirmed tumor, accounting for 64.29%, 54.76%, 54.76%, and 47.62%, respectively. Thirty-three tools were stratified for risk, and 30 tools were presented in the form of risk scores; Some tools lacked clinical validation data, and only 12 tools were analyzed for specificity, sensitivity, NPV, PPV, and AUC. Conclusion The evaluation dimensions and evidence sources of existing VTE risk assessment tools are not completely consistent, the implementation methods and results presentation forms of the tools are not completely the same, and the scope of application is different; Some tool construction methods and processes are not clear enough, and there is a lack of validation research on external validity, which has certain limitations in promoting clinical practice in China.
Objective To discuss the curative effect of expanding ulnar nerve groove and interfascicular neurolysis under microscope in treating severe cubital tunnel syndrome (Cub Ts), and to compare with that of the forward moving of ulnar nerve and interfascicular neurolysis under microscope to find out the best way to treat severe Cub Ts. Methods From December 2002 to January 2007, 22 severe Cub Ts cases were treated with expansion of ulnar nerve groove and interfascicular neurolysis under microscope (treatment group), and other 22 cases were treated with forward moving of ulnar nerve and interfascicular neurolysis under microscope (control group). In treatment group, there were 17 males and 5 females, aged 21-66 years (mean 43.8 years). Pathogenic causes were elbow arthritis in 17 cases, ulnar nerve dislocation in 3 cases and elbow ectroption in 2 cases. The locations were left elbow in 8 cases and right elbow in 14 cases. Thecourse of disease was 6-69 months. In control group, there were 18 males and 4 females, aged 20-64 years (mean 42.1 years). Pathogenic causes were elbow in arthritis 16 cases, ulnar nerve dislocation in 3 cases, elbow ectroption in 1 case and narrowing and shallowing of ulnar nerve groove caused by abnormal heal ing of medial condyle fracture in 1 case. The locations were left elbow in 7 cases and right elbow in 15 cases. The course of disease was 5-67 months. Results For all patients of both groups, the wound healed by first intention, and all were followed up for 12-45 months. In treatment group, the numbness in l ittle finger was obviously rel ieved, or disappeared in 22 cases 1 day after operation. In control group, the numbness in l ittle finger was obviously rel ieved or disappeared in 22 cases 3-5 days after operation. EMG showed that conduction speed of ulnar nerve was normal. Evaluated by upper l imbs function standard of China Medical Association, Surgery Association and Lascar grades, the results were excellent in 21 cases and good in 1 case in treatment group; whilet excellent in 19 cases, good in 2 cases and fair in 1 case in control group. There was significant difference between treatment group and control group (P lt; 0.01). Conclusion Either expansion of ulnar nerve groove and interfascicular neurolysis or forward moving of ulnar nerve and interfascicular neurolysis is an effective method to treat severe Cub Ts, but the former is better than the latter.