ObjectivesTo systematically review the teaching efficacy of cardiac ultrasound simulation.MethodsCNKI, VIP, PubMed, EMbase and The Cochrane Library databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on cardiac ultrasound simulation from inception to March 7th, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies, then, meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software.ResultsA total of 7 RCTs involving 300 trainees were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that: compared with traditional teaching method, trainees who received cardiac ultrasound simulation obtained higher cardiac ultrasonic structure image recognition score (SMD=1.38, 95%CI 0.81 to 1.94, P<0.000 01), higher ultrasonic image quality score (SMD=2.08, 95%CI 1.71 to 2.44, P<0.000 01), and shorter time required to obtain the correct ultrasound image (SMD=−1.19, 95%CI −1.55 to −0.83, P<0.000 01).ConclusionsThe current evidence shows that trainees who received cardiac ultrasound simulation have superior teaching effect immediately after the training compared with those who received traditional teaching method. However, further high-quality researches are needed to confirm whether there is a difference between the two training methods in long-term teaching effect.
The human skeletal muscle drives skeletal movement through contraction. Embedding its functional information into the human morphological framework and constructing a digital twin of skeletal muscle for simulating physical and physiological functions of skeletal muscle are of great significance for the study of "virtual physiological humans". Based on relevant literature both domestically and internationally, this paper firstly summarizes the technical framework for constructing skeletal muscle digital twins, and then provides a review from five aspects including skeletal muscle digital twins modeling technology, skeletal muscle data collection technology, simulation analysis technology, simulation platform and human medical image database. On this basis, it is pointed out that further research is needed in areas such as skeletal muscle model generalization, accuracy improvement, and model coupling. The methods and means of constructing skeletal muscle digital twins summarized in the paper are expected to provide reference for researchers in this field, and the development direction pointed out can serve as the next focus of research.