Objective To compare the infection characteristics and pathogen resistance between dialysis and non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in West China Hospital of Sichuan University, and provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods The clinical data of CKD patients with non-repeated etiological evidence admitted to West China Hospital of Sichuan University between January 2010 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into dialysis group and non-dialysis group according to treatment methods. The infection characteristics and pathogen resistance of the two groups were analyzed by WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 23 softwares. Results A total of 1387 patients with CKD with positive etiology were included, excluding coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, which was common contamination pathogens of bloodstream infections. There were 527 patients in the dialysis group and 860 patients in the non-dialysis group in this study. There was no significant difference in gender between the two groups (P>0.05). There were significant differences in age, disease stage and specimen type between the two groups (P<0.01). The pathogenic bacteria samples of dialysis patients were mainly blood (25.81%) and dialysate (44.02%), and Staphylococcus aureus was the main pathogenic bacteria. In the non-dialysis group, sputum (49.88%) and urine (35.47%) were the main contents. In main Gram-positive pathogens, there were high resistance rates to penicillin and cephalosporin, and high sensitive rates to vancomycin and linezolid. In Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, there were high resistance rates to penicillins, the first generation cephalosporins and the third generation cephalosporins, and high sensitive rates to β-lactamase inhibitor compound preparation, the fourth generation cephalosporins and other antibiotics. Conclusions CKD patients are easy to be complicated with infections. In clinical practice, it is necessary to pay attention to pathogen culture results, and selectively use antibiotics based on drug sensitivity results. At the same time, medical staff in hemodialysis centers should pay attention to aseptic operation and hand hygiene to reduce the risk of concurrent infection in dialysis patients.