ObjectiveTo investigate the correlations among the cadual homeobox gene 2 (CDX2), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein expressions, and tumor budding in the colorectal cancer (CRC). MethodsIn this study, 63 CRC specimens surgically removed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from January 2012 to September 2015 were collected. The CDX2 and HIF-1α protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemical staining streptavidin-biotin peroxidase two-step method. The staining and the grade of tumor budding were observed under an optical microscope, and the correlation was analyzed using Spearman test. ResultsThe positive expressions of CDX2 and HIF-1α proteins in the CRC tissues were 35 (55.6%) and 47 (74.6%) cases, respectively, which was a negative correlation in the CRC (rs=–0.302, P=0.017). The positive expressions of CDX2 and HIF-1α proteins in the tumor budding of colorectal cancer were 21 (51.2%) and 26 (63.4%) cases, respectively, which was also a negative correlation in the tumor budding of CRC (rs=–0.336, P=0.031), but there was no statistic correlation between the grade of tumor budding and CDX2 or HIF-1α positive protein expression in the CRC (rs=0.113, P=0.370; rs=–0.026, P=0.838). ConclusionsThe positive expression between CDX2 and HIF-1α has a negative correlation in the same CRC specimen and which has a negative correlation in tumor budding. There is no statistic correlation between grade of tumor budding and CDX2 or HIF-1α protein expression in the CRC. Hypoxia environment may be involved in the downregulation of CDX2 level during the malignant progression of CRC.
Objective To understand the current situation of dietary organophosphate esters (OPEs) exposure, its effect on human health and its role in the occurrence and development of digestive system disease. Method We searched, analyzed and summarized the relevant literatures on the exposure of OPEs in diet and its effects on digestive system health. Results OPEs had long-term, extensive, and continuous exposure in diet. Although the exposure levels of different OPEs were different in time and space, its impact on digestive system health could not be ignored. OPEs might play a potential role in digestive system injury and tumorigenesis through the activation of inflammation related pathways and the expression change of cancer-related gene. Conclusions OPEs exposure may be a potential risk factor for digestive system injury and tumor. Further exploration of its pathogenic mechanism is of great significance to the screening of high risk factors, disease prevention, and health care.