With the extensive application of laparoscopy in clinical surgery, the advantages of laparoscopic surgery such as less intraoperative bleeding, small and beautiful incision, and rapid postoperative recovery become increasingly prominent. However, prolonged use of carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum or high CO2 pneumoperitoneum pressure during laparoscopic surgery may cause subcutaneous emphysema and hypercapnia, in severe cases which may affect the quality of recovery and prognosis of patients. The use of a protective ventilation strategy during laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia, a mechanical ventilation model of controlled hyperventilation, can reduce or avoid the effects of hypercapnia caused by prolonged CO2 pneumoperitoneum or high CO2 pneumoperitoneum pressure. This article reviews the effects of laparoscopic CO2 pneumoperitoneum on patients, the application of controlled hyperventilation in laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia and the effects of controlled hyperventilation on patients. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for the safe and effective application of controlled hyperventilation in laparoscopic surgery.