Heart diseases seriously threaten people's health. More and more functional evaluation of cardiac right ventricle has been considered in the clinical diagnosis in addition to the classical functional evaluation of cardiac left ventricle. It is very important to evaluate the functional parameters of right ventricle in clinical heart disease diagnosis, especially when the ejection fraction of left ventricle is very low. Right ventricular segmentation is needed for the functional evaluation. However, right ventricular segmentation has been difficult due to its thin myocardium, complex structure and significant individual variability. Cine cardiac magnetic resonance image is a golden standard in clinical functional evaluation of cardiac ventricle. In the present paper, we summarize the classic segmentation approaches, evaluation methods and their development, which can help the researchers in the related field have a quick and basic understanding to the right ventricle segmentation.
ObjectiveTo summarize the research progress on the evaluation methods of head-neck nail positions in femoral intertrochanteric fractures. Methods The literature about the evaluation methods of head-neck nail positions for femoral intertrochanteric fractures in recent years was extensively reviewed, and research progress in the aspects of evaluation methods, clinical applications, and limitations were summarized. ResultsThe position of head-neck nails in femoral intertrochanteric fractures is closely related to postoperative complications of head-neck nail cutting. Currently, the tip-apex distance (TAD) and femoral head zoning are widely used to evaluate the position of head-neck nails. The main opinion in the literature is that the use of TAD and femoral head zoning can effectively reduce the incidence of head-neck nails cutting. Parker’s ratio, as one of the evaluation methods, has been controversial in subsequent studies and has not been widely used in clinical practice. The TAD as referenced to the calcar (CalTAD), which was modified based on TAD, has been gradually accepted by the clinic, but whether it is better than the TAD has not yet been conclusively determined. In recent years, new evaluation methods have been proposed to supplement the previous evaluation methods, such as the tip-neck distance ratio (TNDR) and the standardized TAD (STAD) to avoid the limitations of the TAD and the CalTAD by the volume of the femoral head, and the axis-blade angle (ABA) to supplement the direction of the head-neck nails channel, but at present the clinical application is relatively underutilized, and the validity of the method needs to be further verified. ConclusionCurrently, there are many methods for evaluating the position of head-neck nails in femoral intertrochanteric fractures, TAD<25 mm combined with head-neck nails placed in the middle-middle quadrant or lower-middle quadrant of the femoral head division is currently a highly recognized assessment in the literature, but the optimal assessment is still controversial, and further research needs to be studied.