ObjectiveTo understand the clinical application of near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) detection technology in the parathyroid glands and the research progress on the autofluorescent substances. MethodThe literature on the researches of clinical application of NIRAF detection technology in parathyroid glands and the fluorescent substances at home and abroad in recent years was summarized. ResultsMost current studies indicated that the NIRAF detection technology could effectively assist surgeons in identifying parathyroid tissue, improve the accuracy of intraoperative parathyroid identification, and reduce postoperative complications such as hypocalcemia. However, a small number of studies had found that the use of NIRAF detection technology during surgery does not benefit the reduction of postoperative complications in thyroid surgery patients, especially in those with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Current research on autofluorescent substances in the parathyroid glands was relatively scarce, with proteins such as the calcium-sensing receptor and vitamin D receptor being considered potential sources of fluorescence emitted by the parathyroid glands under near-infrared light excitation. ConclusionsBased on the reviewed literature, NIRAF detection technology for the parathyroid glands has shown significant effectiveness in intraoperative identification of parathyroid tissue and reduction of postoperative complications. However, there are still limitations, such as insufficient accuracy in patients with hyperparathyroidism and lack of convenience in use, which restrict its clinical application. Therefore, future research should focus on identifying the endogenous fluorescent substances in the parathyroid glands and their luminescence mechanisms. This will allow for targeted improvements in fluorescence detection technology, further enhancing the accuracy and convenience of intraoperative parathyroid detection, ultimately benefiting patients more significantly.