Fractal, a mathematics concept, is used to describe an image of self-similarity and scale invariance. Some organisms have been discovered with the fractal characteristics, such as cerebral cortex surface, retinal vessel structure, cardiovascular network, and trabecular bone, etc. It has been preliminarily confirmed that the three-dimensional structure of cells cultured in vitro could be significantly enhanced by bionic fractal surface. Moreover, fractal theory in clinical research will help early diagnosis and treatment of diseases, reducing the patient's pain and suffering. The development process of diseases in the human body can be expressed by the fractal theories parameter. It is of considerable significance to retrospectively review the preparation and application of fractal surface and its diagnostic value in medicine. This paper gives an application of fractal and its theories in the medical science, based on the research achievements in our laboratory.
The linear analysis for heart rate variability (HRV), including time domain method, frequency domain method and timefrequency analysis, has reached a lot of consensus. The nonlinear analysis has also been widely applied in biomedical and clinical researches. However, for nonlinear HRV analysis, especially for shortterm nonlinear HRV analysis, controversy still exists, and a unified standard and conclusion has not been formed. This paper reviews and discusses three shortterm nonlinear HRV analysis methods (fractal dimension, entropy and complexity) and their principles, progresses and problems in clinical application in detail, in order to provide a reference for accurate application in clinical medicine.