Advances in the clinical application of optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Li Jiazhi ,  Tang Li , An Jingqi

Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;

Corresponding author：

Tang Li, Email: tangli-1a@163.com

Keywords：

Glaucoma; Tomography, optical coherence; Regional blood flow; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20210316-00142

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

As a neurodegenerative disease of the retina, glaucoma can cause irreversible vision loss in patients. More and more evidences indicate that systemic blood flow abnormalities, decreased optic nerve blood flow, and retinal microcirculation disorders are related to the mechanism of glaucoma ganglion injury. Optical coherence tomography (OCTA) has the advantages of non-invasive, high resolution, quick inspection, three-dimensional imaging, and quantitative blood flow perfusion. Compared with other blood flow detection methods such as color ultrasound Doppler, laser speckle blood flow imaging, etc. it has higher performance and accuracy, and is easier to be applied in clinical practice. OCTA can not only be used for the early diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma, but has a strong correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual field parameters; it can also provide objective data for the follow-up of patients with advanced glaucoma to assess the progress of the disease. In the future, OCTA is expected to become a routine detection method and follow-up method for the diagnosis of glaucoma.

Citation： Li Jiazhi, Tang Li, An Jingqi. Advances in the clinical application of optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2021, 37(6): 479-482. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20210316-00142 Copy

1.	Jia Y, Wei E, Wang X, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(7): 1322-1332. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.021.
2.	Lévêque PM, Zéboulon P, Brasnu E, et al. Optic disc vascularization in glaucoma: value of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2016, 2016: 6956717[2016-02-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26998352/. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6956717.
3.	Rao HL, Pradhan ZS, Weinreb RN, et al. Regional comparisons of optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density in primary open-angle glaucoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2016, 171: 75-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.08.030.
4.	李若诗, 潘英姿. 血管因素与原发性青光眼相关性的研究进展[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2017, 53(10): 791-796. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2017.10.016.Li RS, Pan YZ. The vessel and primary glaucoma[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53(10): 791-796. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2017.10.016.
5.	Akagi T, Iida Y, Nakanishi H, et al. Microvascular density in glaucomatous eyes with hemifield visual field defects: an optical coherence tomography angiography study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2016, 168: 237-249. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.06.009.
6.	Shin JW, Lee J, Kwon J, et al. Regional vascular density-visual field sensitivity relationship in glaucoma according to disease severity[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2017, 101(12): 1666-1672. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310180.
7.	Hou H, Moghimi S, Zangwill LM, et al. Macula vessel density and thickness in early primary open angle glaucoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2019, 199: 120-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.11.012.
8.	Wang Y, Xin C, Li M, et al. Macular vessel density versus ganglion cell complex thickness for detection of early primary open-angle glaucoma[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmology, 2020, 20: 17[2020-01-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31914956/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-1304-x.
9.	Kim JS, Kim YK, Baek SU, et al. Topographic correlation between macular superficial microvessel density and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in glaucoma-suspect and early normal-tension glaucoma[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 104(1): 104-109. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313732.
10.	Chen CL, Bojikian KD, Wen JC, et al. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer vascular microcirculation in eyes with glaucoma and single-hemifield visual field loss[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2017, 135(5): 461-468. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.0261.
11.	Akil H, Huang AS, Francis BA, et al. Retinal vessel density from optical coherence tomography angiography to differentiate early glaucoma, pre-perimetric glaucoma and normal eyes[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(2): e0170476[2017-02-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28152070/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170476.
12.	Bowd C, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, et al. Estimating optical coherence tomography structural measurement floors to improve detection of progression in advanced glaucoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 175: 37-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.11.010.
13.	Moghimi S, Bowd C, Zangwill LM, et al. Measurement floors and dynamic ranges of OCT and OCT angiography in glaucoma[J]. Ophthalmol, 2019, 126(7): 980-988. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.03.003.
14.	Kim GN, Lee EJ, Kim H, et al. Dynamic range of the peripapillary retinal vessel density for detecting glaucomatous visual field damage[J]. Ophthalmol Glaucoma, 2019, 2(3): 103-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.ogla.2018.11.007.
15.	Rao HL, Pradhan ZS, Weinreb RN, et al. Relationship of optic nerve structure and function to peripapillary vessel density measurements of optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma[J]. J Glaucoma, 2017, 26(6): 548-554. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000670.
16.	Rao HL, Pradhan ZS, Weinreb RN, et al. Vessel density and structural measurements of optical coherence tomography in primary angle closure and primary angle closure glaucoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 177: 106-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.02.020.
17.	Ghahari E, Bowd C, Zangwill LM, et al. Association of macular and circumpapillary microvasculature with visual field sensitivity in advanced glaucoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2019, 204: 51-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.004.
18.	Mastropasqua R, D'Aloisio R, Agnifili L, et al. Functional and structural reliability of optic nerve head measurements in healthy eyes by means of optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Medicina (Kaunas), 2020, 56(1): 44[2020-01-20]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31968630/. DOI: 10.3390/medicina56010044.
19.	Hosari S, Hohberger B, Theelke L, et al. OCT angiography: measurement of retinal macular microvasculature with spectralis Ⅱ OCT angiography-reliability and reproducibility[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2020, 243(1): 75-84. DOI: 10.1159/000502458.
20.	Taylor L, Bojikian KD, Jung H, et al. Peripapillary and macular microcirculation in glaucoma patients of African and European descent using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. J Glaucoma, 2020, 29(10): 885-889. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001629.
21.	Holló G. Influence of large intraocular pressure reduction on peripapillary oct vessel density in ocular hypertensive and glaucoma eyes[J/OL]. J Glaucoma, 2017, 26: e7-e10[2017-01-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27571444/. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000527.
22.	Shoji T, Zangwill LM, Akagi T, et al. Progressive macula vessel density loss in primary open-angle glaucoma: a longitudinal study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 182: 107-117. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.07.011.
23.	Hou HY, Moghimi S, Proudfoot JA, at al. Ganglion cell complex thickness and macular vessel density loss in primary open-angle glaucoma[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(8): 1043-1052. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.12.030.
24.	Fernández-Vigo JI, Kudsieh B, Macarro-Merino A, et al. Reproducibility of macular and optic nerve head vessel density measurements by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2020, 30(4): 756-763. DOI: 10.1177/1120672119834472.
25.	Kanamori A, Nakamura M, Tomioka M, et al. Structurefunction relationship among three types of spectral-domain optical coherent tomography instruments in measuring parapapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2013, 91: e196-e202[2013-05-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23590392/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12028.
26.	Gopinath K, Sivaswamy J, Mansoori T. Automatic glaucoma assessment from angio-OCT images[C/OL]. 2016 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), Prague, 2016[2021-03-16]. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7493242.
27.	Holló G. Comparison of thickness-function and vessel density-function relationship in the superior and inferior macula, and in the superotemporal and inferotemporal peripapillary sectors[J]. J Glaucoma, 2020, 29(3): 168-174. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001441.
28.	Abdelrahman AM, Eltanamly RM, Elsanabary Z, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in juvenile open angle glaucoma: correlation between structure and perfusion[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2021, 41(3): 883-889. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01643-7.
29.	Yarmohammadi A, Zangwill LM, Diniz-Filho A, et al. Peripapillary and macular vessel density in patients with glaucoma and single-hemifield visual field defect[J]. Ophthalmology, 2017, 124(5): 709-719. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.01.004.
30.	Lee SH, Lee EJ, Kim TW, et al. Comparison of vascular-function and structure-function correlations in glaucomatous eyes with high myopia[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 104(6): 807-812. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314430.
31.	Shin JW, Lee J, Kwon J, et al. Relationship between macular vessel density and central visual field sensitivity at different glaucoma stages[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2019, 103(12): 1827-1833. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313019.
32.	Kerrigan-Baumrind LA, Quigley HA, Pease ME, et al. Number of ganglion cells in glaucoma eyes compared with threshold visual field tests in the same persons[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000, 41(3): 741-748. DOI: 10.1097/00004397-200004000-00015.
33.	Wu J, Sebastian RT, Chu CJ, et al. Reduced macular vessel density and capillary perfusion in glaucoma detected using OCT angiography[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2019, 44(5): 533-540. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1563195.
34.	Chihara E, Dimitrova G, Amano H, et al. Discriminatory power of superficial vessel density and prelaminar vascular flow index in eyes with glaucoma and ocular hypertension and normal eyes[J]. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(1): 690-697. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20709.
35.	Rao HL, Pradhan ZS, Weinreb RN, et al. A comparison of the diagnostic ability of vessel density and structural measurements of optical coherence tomography in primary open angle glaucoma[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(3): e0173930[2017-03-13]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28288185/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173930.
36.	Ekici E, Moghimi S, Bowd C, et al. Capillary density measured by optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucomatous optic disc phenotypes[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2020, 219: 261-270. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.06.012.
37.	Hormel T, Hwang TS, Bailey ST, et al. Artificial intelligence in OCT angiography[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2021, 2021: 100965[2021-03-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33766775/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100965.
38.	Govindaswamy N, Ratra D, Dalan D, el al. Vascular changes precede tomographic changes in diabetic eyes without retinopathy and improve artificial intelligence diagnostics[J/OL]. J Biophotonics, 2020, 13(9): e202000107[2020-0618]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32392370/. DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000107.
39.	Le D, Alam M, Yao C, et al. Transfer learning for automated OCTA detection of diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2020, 9(2): 35[2020-07-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32855839/.

1. Jia Y, Wei E, Wang X, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(7): 1322-1332. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.021.
2. Lévêque PM, Zéboulon P, Brasnu E, et al. Optic disc vascularization in glaucoma: value of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2016, 2016: 6956717[2016-02-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26998352/. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6956717.
3. Rao HL, Pradhan ZS, Weinreb RN, et al. Regional comparisons of optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density in primary open-angle glaucoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2016, 171: 75-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.08.030.
4. 李若诗, 潘英姿. 血管因素与原发性青光眼相关性的研究进展[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2017, 53(10): 791-796. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2017.10.016.Li RS, Pan YZ. The vessel and primary glaucoma[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53(10): 791-796. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2017.10.016.
5. Akagi T, Iida Y, Nakanishi H, et al. Microvascular density in glaucomatous eyes with hemifield visual field defects: an optical coherence tomography angiography study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2016, 168: 237-249. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.06.009.
6. Shin JW, Lee J, Kwon J, et al. Regional vascular density-visual field sensitivity relationship in glaucoma according to disease severity[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2017, 101(12): 1666-1672. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310180.
7. Hou H, Moghimi S, Zangwill LM, et al. Macula vessel density and thickness in early primary open angle glaucoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2019, 199: 120-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.11.012.
8. Wang Y, Xin C, Li M, et al. Macular vessel density versus ganglion cell complex thickness for detection of early primary open-angle glaucoma[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmology, 2020, 20: 17[2020-01-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31914956/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-1304-x.
9. Kim JS, Kim YK, Baek SU, et al. Topographic correlation between macular superficial microvessel density and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in glaucoma-suspect and early normal-tension glaucoma[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 104(1): 104-109. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313732.
10. Chen CL, Bojikian KD, Wen JC, et al. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer vascular microcirculation in eyes with glaucoma and single-hemifield visual field loss[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2017, 135(5): 461-468. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.0261.
11. Akil H, Huang AS, Francis BA, et al. Retinal vessel density from optical coherence tomography angiography to differentiate early glaucoma, pre-perimetric glaucoma and normal eyes[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(2): e0170476[2017-02-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28152070/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170476.
12. Bowd C, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, et al. Estimating optical coherence tomography structural measurement floors to improve detection of progression in advanced glaucoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 175: 37-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.11.010.
13. Moghimi S, Bowd C, Zangwill LM, et al. Measurement floors and dynamic ranges of OCT and OCT angiography in glaucoma[J]. Ophthalmol, 2019, 126(7): 980-988. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.03.003.
14. Kim GN, Lee EJ, Kim H, et al. Dynamic range of the peripapillary retinal vessel density for detecting glaucomatous visual field damage[J]. Ophthalmol Glaucoma, 2019, 2(3): 103-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.ogla.2018.11.007.
15. Rao HL, Pradhan ZS, Weinreb RN, et al. Relationship of optic nerve structure and function to peripapillary vessel density measurements of optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma[J]. J Glaucoma, 2017, 26(6): 548-554. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000670.
16. Rao HL, Pradhan ZS, Weinreb RN, et al. Vessel density and structural measurements of optical coherence tomography in primary angle closure and primary angle closure glaucoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 177: 106-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.02.020.
17. Ghahari E, Bowd C, Zangwill LM, et al. Association of macular and circumpapillary microvasculature with visual field sensitivity in advanced glaucoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2019, 204: 51-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.03.004.
18. Mastropasqua R, D'Aloisio R, Agnifili L, et al. Functional and structural reliability of optic nerve head measurements in healthy eyes by means of optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Medicina (Kaunas), 2020, 56(1): 44[2020-01-20]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31968630/. DOI: 10.3390/medicina56010044.
19. Hosari S, Hohberger B, Theelke L, et al. OCT angiography: measurement of retinal macular microvasculature with spectralis Ⅱ OCT angiography-reliability and reproducibility[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2020, 243(1): 75-84. DOI: 10.1159/000502458.
20. Taylor L, Bojikian KD, Jung H, et al. Peripapillary and macular microcirculation in glaucoma patients of African and European descent using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. J Glaucoma, 2020, 29(10): 885-889. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001629.
21. Holló G. Influence of large intraocular pressure reduction on peripapillary oct vessel density in ocular hypertensive and glaucoma eyes[J/OL]. J Glaucoma, 2017, 26: e7-e10[2017-01-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27571444/. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000527.
22. Shoji T, Zangwill LM, Akagi T, et al. Progressive macula vessel density loss in primary open-angle glaucoma: a longitudinal study[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 182: 107-117. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.07.011.
23. Hou HY, Moghimi S, Proudfoot JA, at al. Ganglion cell complex thickness and macular vessel density loss in primary open-angle glaucoma[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(8): 1043-1052. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.12.030.
24. Fernández-Vigo JI, Kudsieh B, Macarro-Merino A, et al. Reproducibility of macular and optic nerve head vessel density measurements by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2020, 30(4): 756-763. DOI: 10.1177/1120672119834472.
25. Kanamori A, Nakamura M, Tomioka M, et al. Structurefunction relationship among three types of spectral-domain optical coherent tomography instruments in measuring parapapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2013, 91: e196-e202[2013-05-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23590392/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12028.
26. Gopinath K, Sivaswamy J, Mansoori T. Automatic glaucoma assessment from angio-OCT images[C/OL]. 2016 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), Prague, 2016[2021-03-16]. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7493242.
27. Holló G. Comparison of thickness-function and vessel density-function relationship in the superior and inferior macula, and in the superotemporal and inferotemporal peripapillary sectors[J]. J Glaucoma, 2020, 29(3): 168-174. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001441.
28. Abdelrahman AM, Eltanamly RM, Elsanabary Z, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in juvenile open angle glaucoma: correlation between structure and perfusion[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2021, 41(3): 883-889. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01643-7.
29. Yarmohammadi A, Zangwill LM, Diniz-Filho A, et al. Peripapillary and macular vessel density in patients with glaucoma and single-hemifield visual field defect[J]. Ophthalmology, 2017, 124(5): 709-719. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.01.004.
30. Lee SH, Lee EJ, Kim TW, et al. Comparison of vascular-function and structure-function correlations in glaucomatous eyes with high myopia[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 104(6): 807-812. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314430.
31. Shin JW, Lee J, Kwon J, et al. Relationship between macular vessel density and central visual field sensitivity at different glaucoma stages[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2019, 103(12): 1827-1833. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313019.
32. Kerrigan-Baumrind LA, Quigley HA, Pease ME, et al. Number of ganglion cells in glaucoma eyes compared with threshold visual field tests in the same persons[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000, 41(3): 741-748. DOI: 10.1097/00004397-200004000-00015.
33. Wu J, Sebastian RT, Chu CJ, et al. Reduced macular vessel density and capillary perfusion in glaucoma detected using OCT angiography[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2019, 44(5): 533-540. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1563195.
34. Chihara E, Dimitrova G, Amano H, et al. Discriminatory power of superficial vessel density and prelaminar vascular flow index in eyes with glaucoma and ocular hypertension and normal eyes[J]. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(1): 690-697. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20709.
35. Rao HL, Pradhan ZS, Weinreb RN, et al. A comparison of the diagnostic ability of vessel density and structural measurements of optical coherence tomography in primary open angle glaucoma[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(3): e0173930[2017-03-13]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28288185/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173930.
36. Ekici E, Moghimi S, Bowd C, et al. Capillary density measured by optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucomatous optic disc phenotypes[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2020, 219: 261-270. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.06.012.
37. Hormel T, Hwang TS, Bailey ST, et al. Artificial intelligence in OCT angiography[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2021, 2021: 100965[2021-03-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33766775/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100965.
38. Govindaswamy N, Ratra D, Dalan D, el al. Vascular changes precede tomographic changes in diabetic eyes without retinopathy and improve artificial intelligence diagnostics[J/OL]. J Biophotonics, 2020, 13(9): e202000107[2020-0618]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32392370/. DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000107.
39. Le D, Alam M, Yao C, et al. Transfer learning for automated OCTA detection of diabetic retinopathy[J/OL]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2020, 9(2): 35[2020-07-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32855839/.

Previous Article
急性特发性黄斑病变一例
Next Article
Advances in the application of optogenetic in the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Advances in the clinical application of optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content