Comparison of the efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs with or without retinal laser photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Huang Jiang ^1,2 , Zou Weijie ¹ , Ji Xiaoyan ¹ , Hua Wumei ¹ , Xu Sen ¹ , Du Yuanyuan ¹ , Zhou Chen ¹ , Xu Guoxu ¹ ,  Zhang Ji ¹

1. Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;

Corresponding author：

Zhang Ji, Email: zhangjieyesz@163.com

Keywords：

Retinal vein occlusion; Macular edema; Angiogenesis inhibitors; Laser coagulation; Meta-analysis

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20210622-00334

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs combined with retinal laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF drugs alone in the treatment of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) combined with macular edema (ME). Methods A evidence-based medicine study. Retinal vein occlusion (obstruction), macular edema, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, conbercept, aflibercept, and retinal laser photocoagulation were the Chinese and English search terms. Related literature was searched in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, Weipu, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library. RVO combined with ME was selected as the research object, and the treatment plan was a clinical randomized controlled study comparing intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs combined with laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF drugs alone. The search time range was from January 2011 to February 2021. Repeated, incomplete or irrelevant literature, case reports and review literature were excluded. Review Manager 5.4 statistical software was used to conduct a meta-analysis of the literature. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were selected as the estimated value of effect size, and the fixed effect model was used for analysis. The evaluation indicators were best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), center macular thickness (CMT), and the number of injections. Results According to the search strategy, 461 articles were initially retrieved, and 21 articles were finally included for meta-analysis. A total of 1156 patients were enrolled, of which 576 were treated with anti-VEGF drugs combined with laser photocoagulation (combined treatment group), and 580 were treated with anti-VEGF drugs alone (drug treatment group). Meta-analysis results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in BCVA and CMT between the drug treatment group and the combination treatment group at 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment (BCVA: WMD =－0.82, 95%CI －2.38-0.74, P=0.30; CMT: WMD=－3.12, 95%CI －17.25-11.01, P=0.67). For patients with branch retinal vein occlusion and ME, combined therapy can reduce the number of injections more effectively than drug therapy alone (WMD=－0.80, 95% CI －1.18-－0.42, Z=4.10, P＜0.000 1). Conclusion Compared with pure intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs, combined retinal laser photocoagulation can not better improve BCVA and CMT in patients with RVO and ME. For patients with branch retinal vein occlusion and ME, combined retinal laser photocoagulation can effectively reduce the resistance. The number of VEGF injections.

Citation： Huang Jiang, Zou Weijie, Ji Xiaoyan, Hua Wumei, Xu Sen, Du Yuanyuan, Zhou Chen, Xu Guoxu, Zhang Ji. Comparison of the efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs with or without retinal laser photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2021, 37(9): 715-722. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20210622-00334 Copy

1.	Jaulim A, Ahmed B, Khanam T, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications. An update of the literature[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(5): 901-910. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182870c15.
2.	Noma H, Yasuda K, Shimura M. Cytokines and the pathogenesis of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2019, 2019: 5185128[2019-05-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191997/. DOI: 10.1155/2019/5185128.
3.	Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Gerendas BS, et al. Guidelines for the management of retinal vein occlusion by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA)[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2019, 242(3): 123-162. DOI: 10.1159/000502041.
4.	Pierru A, Girmens JF, Héron E, et al. Retinal vein occlusions[J]. J Fr Ophtalmol, 2017, 40(8): 696-705. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.04.003.
5.	Ip M, Hendrick A. Retinal vein occlusion review[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol(Phila), 2018, 7(1): 40-45. DOI: 10.22608/APO.2017442.
6.	Bradshaw SE, Gala S, Nanavaty M, et al. Systematic literature review of treatments for management of complications of ischemic central retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2016, 16: 104[2016-07-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27401800/. DOI: 0.1186/s12886-016-0282-5.
7.	Ho M, Liu DT, Lam DS, et al. Retinal vein occlusions, from basics to the latest treatment[J]. Retina, 2016, 36(3): 432-448. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000843.
8.	Campochiaro PA, Aiello LP, Rosenfeld PJ. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in the treatment of retinal disease: from bench to bedside[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123: 78-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.04.056.
9.	Pulido JS, Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, et al. Retinal vein occlusions preferred practice pattern guidelines[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(1): 182-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.045.
10.	Holz FG, Roider J, Ogura Y, et al. VEGF trap-eye for macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: 6-month results of the phase Ⅲ GALILEO study[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2013, 97(3): 278-284. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-301504.
11.	Callizo J, Atili A, Striebe NA, et al. Bevacizumab versus bevacizumab and macular grid photocoagulation for macular edema in eyes with non-ischemic branch retinal vein occlusion: results from a prospective randomized study[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2019, 257(5): 913-920. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-04223-9.
12.	CaoW, Cui HP, Biskup E. Combination of grid laser photocoagulation and a single intravitreal ranibizumab as an efficient and cost-effective treatment option for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Rejuvenation Res, 2019, 22(4): 335-341. DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2141.
13.	Chhablani J, Narayanan R, Mathai A, et al. Combination of peripheral laser photocoagulation with intravitreal bevacizumab in naïve eyes with macular edema secondary to CRVO: prospective randomized study[J]. Eye (Lond), 2016, 30(7): 1025-1027. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.51.
14.	Goel S, Kumar A, Ravani RD, et al. Comparison of ranibizumab alone versus ranibizumab with targeted retinal laser for branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(7): 1105-1108. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1364_18.
15.	Tomomatsu Y, Tomomatsu T, Takamura Y, et al. Comparative study of combined bevacizumab/targeted photocoagulation vs bevacizumab alone for macular oedema in ischaemic branch retinal vein occlusions[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2016, 94(3): e225-230[2016-05-19]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25989706/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12721.
16.	Mir TA, Kherani S, Hafifiz G, et al. Changes in retinal nonperfusion associated with suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(3): 625-634. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.030.
17.	Kumar P, Sharma YR, Chandra P, et al. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab with or without laser photocoagulation versus dexamethasone intravitreal implant with or without laser photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 2019, 61(2): 240-248. DOI: 10.2478/folmed-2018-0081.
18.	Tadayoni R, Waldstein SM, Boscia F, et al. Individualized stabilization criteria-driven ranibizumab versus laser in branch retinal vein occlusion: six-month results of BRIGHTER[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(6): 1332-1344. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.030.
19.	Hayashi A, Yunoki T, Miyakoshi A, et al. Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab combined with macular grid laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2011, 55(6): 625-631. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0087-2.
20.	Donati S, Barosi P, Bianchi M, et al. Combined intravitreal bevacizumab and grid laser photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2012, 22(4): 607-614. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000085.
21.	Farese E, Cennamo G, Velotti N, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab combined with grid photocoagulation in recurrent macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2014, 24(5): 761-770. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000448.
22.	Nourinia R, Emamverdi M, Ramezani A, et al. Peripheral ischemic retinal photocoagulation in addition to intravitreal bevacizumab versus intravitreal bevacizumab alone for the treatment of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: a randomized double-masked controlled clinical trial[J]. Retina, 2020, 40(6): 1110-1117. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002573.
23.	An SH, Jeong WJ. Early-scatter laser photocoagulation promotes the formation of collateral vessels in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2020, 30(2): 370-375. DOI: 10.1177/1120672119827857.
24.	Terashima H, Hasebe H, Okamoto F, et al. Combination therapy of intravitreal ranibizumab and subthreshold micropulse photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: 6-month result[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(7): 1377-1384. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002165.
25.	Song S, Yu XB, Zhang P, et al. Combination of Ranibizumab with macular laser for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: one-year results from a randomized controlled double-blind trial[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(1): 241[2020-06-19]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32560639/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01498-7.
26.	Rehak M, Tilgner E, Franke A, et al. Early peripheral laser photocoagulation of nonperfused retina improves vision in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (results of a proof of concept study)[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014, 252(5): 745-752. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2528-8.
27.	Pielen A, Mirshahi A, Feltgen N, et al. Ranibizumab for branch retinal vein occlusion associated macular edema study (RABAMES): six-month results of a prospective randomized clinical trial[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2015, 93(1): e29-37[2014-07-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25042729/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12488.
28.	Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Mir TA, et al. Scatter photocoagulation does not reduce macular edema or treatment burden in patients with retinal vein occlusion: the RELATE trial[J]. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(7): 1426-1437. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.006.
29.	曾凤, 卢亚梅, 周元清, 等. 雷珠单抗联合微脉冲激光治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的疗效观察[J]. 医学临床研究, 2020, 37(8): 1154-1157. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7171.2020.08.011.Zeng F, Lu YM, Zhou YQ, et al. Efficacy of intravitreal injection ranibizumab combined with subthreshold micropulse laser photocoagulation treatment for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. J Clin Res, 2020, 37(8): 1154-1157. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7171.2020.08.011.
30.	郑小燕, 潘晓霞, 靳翠. 雷珠单抗联合眼底激光治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的价值研究[J]. 中国基层医药, 2019, 26(17): 2114-2118. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-6706.2019.17.016.Zheng XY, Pan XX, Jin C. Clinical value of ranibizumab combined with fundus laser in the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Chin J Prim Med Pharm, 2019, 26(17): 2114-2118. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-6706.2019.17.016.
31.	郭翠玲, 陈得谜, 王绍兰. 不同方法治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的疗效比较[J]. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2018, 37(10): 586-590. DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2018.10.010.Guo CL, Chen DM, Wang SL. Comparison of therapeutic effect of different methods on treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2018, 37(10): 586-590. DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2018.10.010.
32.	Tan CS, Chew MC, Lim LW, et al. Advances in retinal imaging for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2016, 64(1): 76-83. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.178145.
33.	Stefánsson E. Ocular oxygenation and the treatment of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2006, 51: 364-380. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.04.005.

1. Jaulim A, Ahmed B, Khanam T, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications. An update of the literature[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(5): 901-910. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182870c15.
2. Noma H, Yasuda K, Shimura M. Cytokines and the pathogenesis of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2019, 2019: 5185128[2019-05-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191997/. DOI: 10.1155/2019/5185128.
3. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Gerendas BS, et al. Guidelines for the management of retinal vein occlusion by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA)[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2019, 242(3): 123-162. DOI: 10.1159/000502041.
4. Pierru A, Girmens JF, Héron E, et al. Retinal vein occlusions[J]. J Fr Ophtalmol, 2017, 40(8): 696-705. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.04.003.
5. Ip M, Hendrick A. Retinal vein occlusion review[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol(Phila), 2018, 7(1): 40-45. DOI: 10.22608/APO.2017442.
6. Bradshaw SE, Gala S, Nanavaty M, et al. Systematic literature review of treatments for management of complications of ischemic central retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2016, 16: 104[2016-07-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27401800/. DOI: 0.1186/s12886-016-0282-5.
7. Ho M, Liu DT, Lam DS, et al. Retinal vein occlusions, from basics to the latest treatment[J]. Retina, 2016, 36(3): 432-448. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000843.
8. Campochiaro PA, Aiello LP, Rosenfeld PJ. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in the treatment of retinal disease: from bench to bedside[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123: 78-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.04.056.
9. Pulido JS, Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, et al. Retinal vein occlusions preferred practice pattern guidelines[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(1): 182-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.045.
10. Holz FG, Roider J, Ogura Y, et al. VEGF trap-eye for macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: 6-month results of the phase Ⅲ GALILEO study[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2013, 97(3): 278-284. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-301504.
11. Callizo J, Atili A, Striebe NA, et al. Bevacizumab versus bevacizumab and macular grid photocoagulation for macular edema in eyes with non-ischemic branch retinal vein occlusion: results from a prospective randomized study[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2019, 257(5): 913-920. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-04223-9.
12. CaoW, Cui HP, Biskup E. Combination of grid laser photocoagulation and a single intravitreal ranibizumab as an efficient and cost-effective treatment option for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Rejuvenation Res, 2019, 22(4): 335-341. DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2141.
13. Chhablani J, Narayanan R, Mathai A, et al. Combination of peripheral laser photocoagulation with intravitreal bevacizumab in naïve eyes with macular edema secondary to CRVO: prospective randomized study[J]. Eye (Lond), 2016, 30(7): 1025-1027. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.51.
14. Goel S, Kumar A, Ravani RD, et al. Comparison of ranibizumab alone versus ranibizumab with targeted retinal laser for branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(7): 1105-1108. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1364_18.
15. Tomomatsu Y, Tomomatsu T, Takamura Y, et al. Comparative study of combined bevacizumab/targeted photocoagulation vs bevacizumab alone for macular oedema in ischaemic branch retinal vein occlusions[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2016, 94(3): e225-230[2016-05-19]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25989706/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12721.
16. Mir TA, Kherani S, Hafifiz G, et al. Changes in retinal nonperfusion associated with suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(3): 625-634. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.030.
17. Kumar P, Sharma YR, Chandra P, et al. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab with or without laser photocoagulation versus dexamethasone intravitreal implant with or without laser photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 2019, 61(2): 240-248. DOI: 10.2478/folmed-2018-0081.
18. Tadayoni R, Waldstein SM, Boscia F, et al. Individualized stabilization criteria-driven ranibizumab versus laser in branch retinal vein occlusion: six-month results of BRIGHTER[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(6): 1332-1344. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.030.
19. Hayashi A, Yunoki T, Miyakoshi A, et al. Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab combined with macular grid laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2011, 55(6): 625-631. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0087-2.
20. Donati S, Barosi P, Bianchi M, et al. Combined intravitreal bevacizumab and grid laser photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2012, 22(4): 607-614. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000085.
21. Farese E, Cennamo G, Velotti N, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab combined with grid photocoagulation in recurrent macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2014, 24(5): 761-770. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000448.
22. Nourinia R, Emamverdi M, Ramezani A, et al. Peripheral ischemic retinal photocoagulation in addition to intravitreal bevacizumab versus intravitreal bevacizumab alone for the treatment of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: a randomized double-masked controlled clinical trial[J]. Retina, 2020, 40(6): 1110-1117. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002573.
23. An SH, Jeong WJ. Early-scatter laser photocoagulation promotes the formation of collateral vessels in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2020, 30(2): 370-375. DOI: 10.1177/1120672119827857.
24. Terashima H, Hasebe H, Okamoto F, et al. Combination therapy of intravitreal ranibizumab and subthreshold micropulse photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: 6-month result[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(7): 1377-1384. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002165.
25. Song S, Yu XB, Zhang P, et al. Combination of Ranibizumab with macular laser for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: one-year results from a randomized controlled double-blind trial[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(1): 241[2020-06-19]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32560639/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01498-7.
26. Rehak M, Tilgner E, Franke A, et al. Early peripheral laser photocoagulation of nonperfused retina improves vision in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (results of a proof of concept study)[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014, 252(5): 745-752. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2528-8.
27. Pielen A, Mirshahi A, Feltgen N, et al. Ranibizumab for branch retinal vein occlusion associated macular edema study (RABAMES): six-month results of a prospective randomized clinical trial[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2015, 93(1): e29-37[2014-07-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25042729/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12488.
28. Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Mir TA, et al. Scatter photocoagulation does not reduce macular edema or treatment burden in patients with retinal vein occlusion: the RELATE trial[J]. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(7): 1426-1437. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.006.
29. 曾凤, 卢亚梅, 周元清, 等. 雷珠单抗联合微脉冲激光治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的疗效观察[J]. 医学临床研究, 2020, 37(8): 1154-1157. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7171.2020.08.011.Zeng F, Lu YM, Zhou YQ, et al. Efficacy of intravitreal injection ranibizumab combined with subthreshold micropulse laser photocoagulation treatment for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. J Clin Res, 2020, 37(8): 1154-1157. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7171.2020.08.011.
30. 郑小燕, 潘晓霞, 靳翠. 雷珠单抗联合眼底激光治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的价值研究[J]. 中国基层医药, 2019, 26(17): 2114-2118. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-6706.2019.17.016.Zheng XY, Pan XX, Jin C. Clinical value of ranibizumab combined with fundus laser in the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Chin J Prim Med Pharm, 2019, 26(17): 2114-2118. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-6706.2019.17.016.
31. 郭翠玲, 陈得谜, 王绍兰. 不同方法治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的疗效比较[J]. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2018, 37(10): 586-590. DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2018.10.010.Guo CL, Chen DM, Wang SL. Comparison of therapeutic effect of different methods on treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2018, 37(10): 586-590. DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2018.10.010.
32. Tan CS, Chew MC, Lim LW, et al. Advances in retinal imaging for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2016, 64(1): 76-83. DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.178145.
33. Stefánsson E. Ocular oxygenation and the treatment of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2006, 51: 364-380. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.04.005.

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Comparison of the efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs with or without retinal laser photocoagulation for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review

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