Pay attention to the diagnosis and treatment of fundus complications related to tumor immunotherapy_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

 Chen Ling ¹ , Ma Yixian ¹ , Wang Wei ² , Xu Gezhi ¹

1. Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China;
2. ;

Corresponding author：

Chen Ling, Email: linglingchen98@hotmail.com

Keywords：

Neoplasms; Immunotherapy; Uveitis; Scleritis; Editorial

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220311-00130

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Cancer immunotherapy refers to the therapeutic effect of controlling or eliminating tumor cells by interfering with the immune system to restore the anti-tumor immune response. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy that blocks programmed death -1/programmed cell death ligand-1/cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 is one of the most commonly used tumor immunotherapies, with good efficacy and wide application. These drugs cause immune-related ocular complications such as uveitis, autoimmune retinopathy, and scleritis, which represent a new etiology of ocular inflammation. The ophthalmologist's grasp of the clinical characteristics of these diseases is helpful for timely diagnosis. At the same time, the ophthalmologist will work closely with the oncologist to make a comprehensive judgment based on the patient's primary tumor, survival prognosis, severity of adverse reactions related to ocular immunotherapy, and visual prognosis, and develop suitable therapeutic strategie, thereby saving the patients' vision and improving the quality of life.

Citation： Chen Ling, Ma Yixian, Wang Wei, Xu Gezhi. Pay attention to the diagnosis and treatment of fundus complications related to tumor immunotherapy. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2022, 38(5): 341-345. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220311-00130 Copy

1.	Pan C, Liu H, Robins E, et al. Next-generation immuno-oncology agents: current momentum shifts in cancer immunotherapy[J]. J Hematol Oncol, 2020, 13(1): 29. DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00862-w.
2.	Topalian SL, Taube JM, Anders RA, et al. Mechanism-driven biomarkers to guide immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy[J]. Nat Rev Cancer, 2016, 16(5): 275-287. DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.36.
3.	Abdel-Wahab N, Shah M, Suarez-Almazor ME. Adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade in patients with cancer: a systematic review of case reports[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(7): e0160221[2016-07-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27472273/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160221.
4.	Zhou X, Jiang J, Yang X, et al. First-in-human evaluation of a PD-L1-binding peptide radiotracer in non-small cell lung cancer patients with PET[J]. J Nucl Med, 2022, 63(4): 536-542. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262045.
5.	Dyck L, Mills KHG. Immune checkpoints and their inhibition in cancer and infectious diseases[J]. Eur J Immunol, 2017, 47(5): 765-779. DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646875.
6.	Hargadon KM, Johnson CE, Williams CJ. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer: an overview of FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2018, 62: 29-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.001.
7.	Zaremba A, Eggermont AMM, Robert C, et al. The concepts of rechallenge and retreatment with immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma patients[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2021, 155: 268-280. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.07.002.
8.	Wrangle JM, Velcheti V, Patel MR, et al. ALT-803, an IL-15 superagonist, in combination with nivolumab in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a non-randomised, open-label, phase 1b trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2018, 19(5): 694-704. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30148-7.
9.	Cader FZ, Hu X, Goh WL, et al. A peripheral immune signature of responsiveness to PD-1 blockade in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma[J]. Nat Med, 2020, 26(9): 1468-1479. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1006-1.
10.	Burtness B, Harrington KJ, Greil R, et al. Pembrolizumab alone or with chemotherapy versus cetuximab with chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (KEYNOTE-048): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study[J]. Lancet, 2019, 394(10212): 1915-1928. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32591-7.
11.	Postow MA, Sidlow R, Hellmann MD. Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(2): 158-168. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1703481.
12.	Krummel MF, Allison JP. CTLA-4 engagement inhibits IL-2 accumulation and cell cycle progression upon activation of resting T cells[J]. J Exp Med, 1996, 183(6): 2533-2540. DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.6.2533.
13.	Boussiotis VA. Molecular and biochemical aspects of the PD-1 checkpoint pathway[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(18): 1767-1778. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1514296.
14.	Khoja L, Day D, Wei-Wu Chen T, et al. Tumour- and class-specific patterns of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review[J]. Ann Oncol, 2017, 28(10): 2377-2385. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx286.
15.	El Osta B, Hu F, Sadek R, et al. Not all immune-checkpoint inhibitors are created equal: meta-analysis and systematic review of immune-related adverse events in cancer trials[J]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2017, 119: 1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.09.002.
16.	Zhou R, Caspi RR. Ocular immune privilege[J]. F1000 Biol Rep, 2010, 2: 3. DOI: 10.3410/B2-3.
17.	Abdel-Rahman O, Oweira H, Petrausch U, et al. Immune-related ocular toxicities in solid tumor patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review[J]. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 2017, 17(4): 387-394. DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1296765.
18.	Gonzales JA, Shantha J, Acharya NR. Combination nivolumab- and cabiralizumab-associated acute bilateral anterior and posterior scleritis and anterior uveitis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep, 2018, 10: 117-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.02.005.
19.	Dalvin LA, Shields CL, Orloff M, et al. Checkpoint inhibitor immune therapy: systemic indications and ophthalmic side effects[J]. Retina, 2018, 38(6): 1063-1078. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002181.
20.	Le Fournis S, Gohier P, Urban T, et al. Corneal graft rejection in a patient treated with nivolumab for primary lung cancer[J]. Lung Cancer, 2016, 102: 28-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.10.008.
21.	Zhou L, Wei X. Ocular immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer[J/OL]. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 701951[2021-08-24]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34504488/. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701951.
22.	Fortes BH, Liou H, Dalvin LA. Ophthalmic adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: the Mayo Clinic experience[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2021, 105(9): 1263-1271. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316970.
23.	Robinson MR, Chan CC, Yang JC, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma: a new cause of uveitis[J]. J Immunother, 2004, 27(6): 478-479. DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200411000-00008.
24.	Wolchok JD, Kluger H, Callahan MK, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(2): 122-133. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1302369.
25.	Hammers HJ, Plimack ER, Sternberg C, et al. CheckMate 214: a phase Ⅲ, randomized, open-label study of nivolumab combined with ipilimumab versus sunitinib monotherapy in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma[J/OL]. J Clin Oncol, 2015, 33(15 Suppl): TPS4578[2015-05-20]. https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.tps4578. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.tps4578.
26.	Sun MM, Levinson RD, Filipowicz A, et al. Uveitis in patients treated with CTLA-4 and PD-1 checkpoint blockade inhibition[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2020, 28(2): 217-227. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1577978.
27.	Dow ER, Yung M, Tsui E. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated uveitis: review of treatments and outcomes[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2021, 29(1): 203-211. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1781902.
28.	Norose K, Yano A. Melanoma specific Th1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte lines in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1996, 80(11): 1002-1008. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.80.11.1002.
29.	Lavezzo MM, Sakata VM, Morita C, et al. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: review of a rare autoimmune disease targeting antigens of melanocytes[J]. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2016, 11: 29. DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0412-4.
30.	National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. GB/T Version 5.0. Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE). New York: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2017.
31.	Brahmer JR, Lacchetti C, Schneider BJ, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(17): 1714-1768. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.77.6385.
32.	Venkat AG, Arepalli S, Sharma S, et al. Local therapy for cancer therapy-associated uveitis: a case series and review of the literature[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 104(5): 703-711. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314403.
33.	Adamus G, Champaigne R, Yang S. Occurrence of major anti-retinal autoantibodies associated with paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy[J/OL]. Clin Immunol, 2020, 210: 108317[2019-11-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31770612/. DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108317.
34.	Adamus G. Autoantibody targets and their cancer relationship in the pathogenicity of paraneoplastic retinopathy[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2009, 8(5): 410-414. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.01.002.
35.	Heng JS, Kim JM, Jones DK, et al. Autoimmune retinopathy with associated anti-retinal antibodies as a potential immune-related adverse event associated with immunotherapy in patients with advanced cutaneous melanoma: case series and systematic review[J/OL]. BMJ Open Ophthalmol, 2022, 7(1): e000889[2022-01-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35047671/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000889.
36.	Chen JJ, Mckeon A, Greenwood TM, et al. Clinical utility of antiretinal antibody testing[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2021, 139(6): 658-662. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.0651.
37.	Rahimy E, Sarraf D. Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: evaluation and management[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2013, 58(5): 430-458. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.09.001.
38.	Chen Q, Feng C, Sun C, et al. Cancer-associated retinopathy after anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibody for treating hepatocellular carcinoma--a case report of a Chinese patient[J/OL]. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep, 2022, 25: 101370[2022-01-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35243142/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101370.
39.	Suimon Y, Saito W, Hirooka K, et al. Improvements of visual function and outer retinal morphology following spontaneous regression of cancer in anti-recoverin cancer-associated retinopathy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep, 2017, 5: 137-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2016.12.024.
40.	Lambert I, Fasolino G, Awada G, et al. Acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy during pembrolizumab treatment for metastatic melanoma: a case report[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2021, 21(1): 250. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02011-4.
41.	Javaheri M, Khurana RN, Bhatti RA, et al. Optical coherence tomography findings in paraneoplastic pseudovitelliform lesions in melanoma-associated retinopathy[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2008, 2(2): 461-463. DOI: 10.2147/opth.s2282.
42.	Aronow ME, Adamus G, Abu-Asab M, et al. Paraneoplastic vitelliform retinopathy: clinicopathologic correlation and review of the literature[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2012, 57(6): 558-564. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.02.004.
43.	Attia P, Phan GQ, Maker AV, et al. Autoimmunity correlates with tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(25): 6043-6053. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.06.205.
44.	Henderson AD, Thomas DA. A case report of orbital inflammatory syndrome secondary to ipilimumab[J/OL]. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg, 2015, 31(3): e68-70[2015-05-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24814274/. DOI: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000000081.
45.	Horvat TZ, Adel NG, Dang TO, et al. Immune-related adverse events, need for systemic immunosuppression, and effects on survival and time to treatment failure in patients with melanoma treated with ipilimumab at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2015, 33(28): 3193-3198. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.60.8448.
46.	Hinrichs CS, Palmer DC, Rosenberg SA, et al. Glucocorticoids do not inhibit antitumor activity of activated CD8+ T cells[J]. J Immunother, 2005, 28(6): 517-524. DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000177999.95831.7b.

1. Pan C, Liu H, Robins E, et al. Next-generation immuno-oncology agents: current momentum shifts in cancer immunotherapy[J]. J Hematol Oncol, 2020, 13(1): 29. DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00862-w.
2. Topalian SL, Taube JM, Anders RA, et al. Mechanism-driven biomarkers to guide immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy[J]. Nat Rev Cancer, 2016, 16(5): 275-287. DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.36.
3. Abdel-Wahab N, Shah M, Suarez-Almazor ME. Adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade in patients with cancer: a systematic review of case reports[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(7): e0160221[2016-07-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27472273/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160221.
4. Zhou X, Jiang J, Yang X, et al. First-in-human evaluation of a PD-L1-binding peptide radiotracer in non-small cell lung cancer patients with PET[J]. J Nucl Med, 2022, 63(4): 536-542. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262045.
5. Dyck L, Mills KHG. Immune checkpoints and their inhibition in cancer and infectious diseases[J]. Eur J Immunol, 2017, 47(5): 765-779. DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646875.
6. Hargadon KM, Johnson CE, Williams CJ. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer: an overview of FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2018, 62: 29-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.001.
7. Zaremba A, Eggermont AMM, Robert C, et al. The concepts of rechallenge and retreatment with immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma patients[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2021, 155: 268-280. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.07.002.
8. Wrangle JM, Velcheti V, Patel MR, et al. ALT-803, an IL-15 superagonist, in combination with nivolumab in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a non-randomised, open-label, phase 1b trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2018, 19(5): 694-704. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30148-7.
9. Cader FZ, Hu X, Goh WL, et al. A peripheral immune signature of responsiveness to PD-1 blockade in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma[J]. Nat Med, 2020, 26(9): 1468-1479. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1006-1.
10. Burtness B, Harrington KJ, Greil R, et al. Pembrolizumab alone or with chemotherapy versus cetuximab with chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (KEYNOTE-048): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study[J]. Lancet, 2019, 394(10212): 1915-1928. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32591-7.
11. Postow MA, Sidlow R, Hellmann MD. Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(2): 158-168. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1703481.
12. Krummel MF, Allison JP. CTLA-4 engagement inhibits IL-2 accumulation and cell cycle progression upon activation of resting T cells[J]. J Exp Med, 1996, 183(6): 2533-2540. DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.6.2533.
13. Boussiotis VA. Molecular and biochemical aspects of the PD-1 checkpoint pathway[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(18): 1767-1778. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1514296.
14. Khoja L, Day D, Wei-Wu Chen T, et al. Tumour- and class-specific patterns of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review[J]. Ann Oncol, 2017, 28(10): 2377-2385. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx286.
15. El Osta B, Hu F, Sadek R, et al. Not all immune-checkpoint inhibitors are created equal: meta-analysis and systematic review of immune-related adverse events in cancer trials[J]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2017, 119: 1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.09.002.
16. Zhou R, Caspi RR. Ocular immune privilege[J]. F1000 Biol Rep, 2010, 2: 3. DOI: 10.3410/B2-3.
17. Abdel-Rahman O, Oweira H, Petrausch U, et al. Immune-related ocular toxicities in solid tumor patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review[J]. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 2017, 17(4): 387-394. DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1296765.
18. Gonzales JA, Shantha J, Acharya NR. Combination nivolumab- and cabiralizumab-associated acute bilateral anterior and posterior scleritis and anterior uveitis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep, 2018, 10: 117-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.02.005.
19. Dalvin LA, Shields CL, Orloff M, et al. Checkpoint inhibitor immune therapy: systemic indications and ophthalmic side effects[J]. Retina, 2018, 38(6): 1063-1078. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002181.
20. Le Fournis S, Gohier P, Urban T, et al. Corneal graft rejection in a patient treated with nivolumab for primary lung cancer[J]. Lung Cancer, 2016, 102: 28-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.10.008.
21. Zhou L, Wei X. Ocular immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer[J/OL]. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 701951[2021-08-24]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34504488/. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701951.
22. Fortes BH, Liou H, Dalvin LA. Ophthalmic adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: the Mayo Clinic experience[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2021, 105(9): 1263-1271. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316970.
23. Robinson MR, Chan CC, Yang JC, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma: a new cause of uveitis[J]. J Immunother, 2004, 27(6): 478-479. DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200411000-00008.
24. Wolchok JD, Kluger H, Callahan MK, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(2): 122-133. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1302369.
25. Hammers HJ, Plimack ER, Sternberg C, et al. CheckMate 214: a phase Ⅲ, randomized, open-label study of nivolumab combined with ipilimumab versus sunitinib monotherapy in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma[J/OL]. J Clin Oncol, 2015, 33(15 Suppl): TPS4578[2015-05-20]. https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.tps4578. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.tps4578.
26. Sun MM, Levinson RD, Filipowicz A, et al. Uveitis in patients treated with CTLA-4 and PD-1 checkpoint blockade inhibition[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2020, 28(2): 217-227. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1577978.
27. Dow ER, Yung M, Tsui E. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated uveitis: review of treatments and outcomes[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2021, 29(1): 203-211. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1781902.
28. Norose K, Yano A. Melanoma specific Th1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte lines in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1996, 80(11): 1002-1008. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.80.11.1002.
29. Lavezzo MM, Sakata VM, Morita C, et al. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: review of a rare autoimmune disease targeting antigens of melanocytes[J]. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2016, 11: 29. DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0412-4.
30. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. GB/T Version 5.0. Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE). New York: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2017.
31. Brahmer JR, Lacchetti C, Schneider BJ, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36(17): 1714-1768. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.77.6385.
32. Venkat AG, Arepalli S, Sharma S, et al. Local therapy for cancer therapy-associated uveitis: a case series and review of the literature[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2020, 104(5): 703-711. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314403.
33. Adamus G, Champaigne R, Yang S. Occurrence of major anti-retinal autoantibodies associated with paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy[J/OL]. Clin Immunol, 2020, 210: 108317[2019-11-23]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31770612/. DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108317.
34. Adamus G. Autoantibody targets and their cancer relationship in the pathogenicity of paraneoplastic retinopathy[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2009, 8(5): 410-414. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.01.002.
35. Heng JS, Kim JM, Jones DK, et al. Autoimmune retinopathy with associated anti-retinal antibodies as a potential immune-related adverse event associated with immunotherapy in patients with advanced cutaneous melanoma: case series and systematic review[J/OL]. BMJ Open Ophthalmol, 2022, 7(1): e000889[2022-01-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35047671/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000889.
36. Chen JJ, Mckeon A, Greenwood TM, et al. Clinical utility of antiretinal antibody testing[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2021, 139(6): 658-662. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.0651.
37. Rahimy E, Sarraf D. Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: evaluation and management[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2013, 58(5): 430-458. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.09.001.
38. Chen Q, Feng C, Sun C, et al. Cancer-associated retinopathy after anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibody for treating hepatocellular carcinoma--a case report of a Chinese patient[J/OL]. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep, 2022, 25: 101370[2022-01-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35243142/. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101370.
39. Suimon Y, Saito W, Hirooka K, et al. Improvements of visual function and outer retinal morphology following spontaneous regression of cancer in anti-recoverin cancer-associated retinopathy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep, 2017, 5: 137-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2016.12.024.
40. Lambert I, Fasolino G, Awada G, et al. Acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy during pembrolizumab treatment for metastatic melanoma: a case report[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2021, 21(1): 250. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02011-4.
41. Javaheri M, Khurana RN, Bhatti RA, et al. Optical coherence tomography findings in paraneoplastic pseudovitelliform lesions in melanoma-associated retinopathy[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2008, 2(2): 461-463. DOI: 10.2147/opth.s2282.
42. Aronow ME, Adamus G, Abu-Asab M, et al. Paraneoplastic vitelliform retinopathy: clinicopathologic correlation and review of the literature[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2012, 57(6): 558-564. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.02.004.
43. Attia P, Phan GQ, Maker AV, et al. Autoimmunity correlates with tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(25): 6043-6053. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.06.205.
44. Henderson AD, Thomas DA. A case report of orbital inflammatory syndrome secondary to ipilimumab[J/OL]. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg, 2015, 31(3): e68-70[2015-05-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24814274/. DOI: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000000081.
45. Horvat TZ, Adel NG, Dang TO, et al. Immune-related adverse events, need for systemic immunosuppression, and effects on survival and time to treatment failure in patients with melanoma treated with ipilimumab at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2015, 33(28): 3193-3198. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.60.8448.
46. Hinrichs CS, Palmer DC, Rosenberg SA, et al. Glucocorticoids do not inhibit antitumor activity of activated CD8+ T cells[J]. J Immunother, 2005, 28(6): 517-524. DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000177999.95831.7b.

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Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

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