New insight into silicone oil in the era of minimally invasive vitrectomy_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

 Li Tao , Liu Baoyi

State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China;

Corresponding author：

Li Tao, Email: litao2@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Silicone oils; Vitreoretinal surgery; Surgical procedures, minimally invasive; Editorial

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220318-00155

Video：

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Silicone oil is widely used in intraocular filling of fundus disease after vitrectomy, which improves retinal reattachment rate andpostoperative visual function of patients. With the era of minimally invasive vitreous surgery coming, the utilization rate of silicone oil filling is decreasing, however, it still plays an indispensable role in the surgical treatment of complex fundus diseases. In the process of using silicone oil, the indications should be strictly selected, and the potential risks should be fully considered and possibly avoided. The study of vitreous substitutes with certain physiological functions is currently a research hotspot in the field of fundus diseases.

Citation： Li Tao, Liu Baoyi. New insight into silicone oil in the era of minimally invasive vitrectomy. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2022, 38(4): 261-264. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220318-00155 Copy

1.	Cibis PA, Becker B, Okun E, et al. The use of liquid silicone in retinal detachment surgery[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1962, 68: 590-599. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1962.00960030594005.
2.	Scott JD. A rationale for the use of liquid silicone[J]. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K, 1977, 97(2): 235-237.
3.	Dave VP, Joseph J, Jayabhasker P, et al. Does ophthalmic-grade silicone oil possess antimicrobial properties?[J]. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 2019, 9(1): 20. DOI: 10.1186/s12348-019-0187-6.
4.	Tabandeh H, London N, Boyer DS, et al. Outcomes of small-gauge vitreoretinal surgery without scleral-depressed shaving of the vitreous base in the era of wide-angle viewing systems[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2019, 103(12): 1765-1768. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313626.
5.	Oravecz R, Uthoff D, Schrage N, et al. Comparison of modern high-speed vitrectomy systems and the advantages of using dual-bladed probes[J]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2021, 7(1): 8. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-020-00277-2.
6.	Wang DY, Zhao XY, Zhang WF, et al. Perioperative anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents treatment in patients undergoing vitrectomy for complicated proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a network meta-analysis[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 18880[2020-11-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33144606/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75896-8.
7.	Arevalo JF, Lasave AF, Kozak I, et al. Preoperative bevacizumab for tractional retinal detachment in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a prospective randomized clinical trial[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2019, 207: 279-287. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.05.007.
8.	Acar N, Kapran Z, Altan T, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy with and without triamcinolone acetonide assistance in pseudophakic retinal detachment complicated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2010, 54(4): 331-337. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-010-0807-z.
9.	Banerjee PJ, Bunce C, Charteris DG. Ozurdex (a slow-release dexamethasone implant) in proliferative vitreoretinopathy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial[J]. Trials, 2013, 14: 358. DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-358.
10.	Feltgen N, Callizo J, Hattenbach LO, et al. The urgency of surgical treatment for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment[J]. Ophthalmologe, 2021, 118(Suppl 2): S160-165. DOI: 10.1007/s00347-021-01364-x.
11.	Feltgen N, Walter P. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment-an ophthalmologic emergency[J]. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 2014, 111(1-2): 12-21. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2014.0012.
12.	Berrocal MH, Acaba-Berrocal L. Early pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: update and review of current literature[J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2021, 32(3): 203-208. DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000760.
13.	Hillier RJ, Felfeli T, Berger AR, et al. The pneumatic retinopexy versus vitrectomy for the management of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment outcomes randomized trial (PIVOT)[J]. Ophthalmology, 2019, 126(4): 531-539. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.11.014.
14.	Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, et al. Posterior vitreous detachment, retinal breaks, and lattice degeneration preferred practice pattern(R)[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(1): 146-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.027.
15.	Zanzottera EC, Marchese A, Bandello F, et al. Intraocular perfluorodecalin and silicone oil tamponade (double filling) in the management of complicated retinal detachment: functional and anatomical outcomes using small-gauge surgery[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2022, 260(4): 1105-1112. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05395-7.
16.	Solaiman KA, Dabour SA. Supplemental scleral buckling for inferior retinal detachment in silicone oil-filled eyes[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(6): 1076-1082. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000037.
17.	Chen Y, Kearns VR, Zhou L, et al. Silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery: indications, complications, new developments and alternative long-term tamponade agents[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2021, 99(3): 240-250. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14604.
18.	Lu Y, Chan YK, Lau LH, et al. Adhesion of silicone oil and emulsification: an in vitro assessment using a microfluidic device and 'Eye-on-a-Chip'[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2019, 97(3): 313-318. DOI: 10.1111/aos.13982.
19.	Heidenkummer HP, Kampik A, Thierfelder S. Emulsification of silicone oils with specific physicochemical characteristics[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 1991, 229(1): 88-94. DOI: 10.1007/BF00172269.
20.	Lu Y, Chan YK, Lau LH, et al. Amphiphilic additives in silicone oil tamponade and emulsification: an eye-on-a-chip study[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2020, 98(2): e232-e237[2019-08-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31386804/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14212.
21.	Savion N, Alhalel A, Treister G, et al. Role of blood components in ocular silicone oil emulsification. Studies on an in vitro model[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1996, 37(13): 2694-2699.
22.	Romano MR, Cuomo F, Massarotti N, et al. Temperature effect on rheological behavior of silicone oils. A model for the viscous heating[J]. J Phys Chem B, 2017, 121(29): 7048-7054. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03351.
23.	Dresp JH, Menz DH. Interaction of different ocular endotamponades as a risk factor for silicone oil emulsification[J]. Retina, 2005, 25(7): 902-910. DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200510000-00014.
24.	Le Q, Wang X, Lyu J, et al. In vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy of the cornea in patients with silicone oil tamponade after vitreoretinal surgery[J]. Cornea, 2012, 31(8): 876-882. DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3182408cef.
25.	Coman Cernat CC, Malita D, Stanca S, et al. Corneal endothelial changes induced by pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade for retinal detachment[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2021, 22(3): 961. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10393.
26.	Honavar SG, Goyal M, Majji AB, et al. Glaucoma after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments[J]. Ophthalmology, 1999, 106(1): 169-176. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90017-9.
27.	Nguyen QH, Lloyd MA, Heuer DK, et al. Incidence and management of glaucoma after intravitreal silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments[J]. Ophthalmology, 1992, 99(10): 1520-1526. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31771-3.
28.	Duan A, She H, Qi Y. Complications after heavy silicone oil tamponade in complicated retinal detachment[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(3): 547-552. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181eef2fd.
29.	Guizzo R, Paques MW, Anhezini L, et al. Neuroprotective effects of oral lamotrigine administration on rabbit retinas after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection[J]. Retina, 2008, 28(4): 638-644. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31815ec2da.
30.	Pichi F, Hay S, Abboud EB. Inner retinal toxicity due to silicone oil: a case series and review of the literature[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(9): 2413-2422. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01418-0.
31.	Caramoy A, Droege KM, Kirchhof B, et al. Retinal layers measurements in healthy eyes and in eyes receiving silicone oil-based endotamponade[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2014, 92(4): e292-e297[2013-11-18]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24238324/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12307.
32.	Karaca U, Kucukevcilioglu M, Durukan AH, et al. The effect of longstanding silicone oil on retina choroid and optic nerve in eyes with retinal detachment: an optical coherence tomography study[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2022, 22(1): 11. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02239-0.
33.	Kubicka-Trzaska A, Kobylarz J, Romanowska-Dixon B. Macular microcirculation blood flow after pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade[J]. Klin Oczna, 2011, 113(4-6): 146-148.
34.	Roohipoor R, Tayebi F, Riazi-Esfahani H, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography changes in macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachments repaired with silicone oil[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(12): 3295-3302. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01516-z.
35.	Agrawal R, Soni M, Biswas J, et al. Silicone oil-associated optic nerve degeneration[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2002, 133(3): 429-430. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01300-9.
36.	Grzybowski A, Pieczynski J, Ascaso FJ. Neuronal complications of intravitreal silicone oil: an updated review[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2014, 92(3): 201-204. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12212.
37.	Yadav I, Purohit SD, Singh H, et al. Vitreous substitutes: an overview of the properties, importance, and development[J]. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2021, 109(8): 1156-1176. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34778.
38.	Su X, Tan MJ, Li Z, et al. Recent progress in using biomaterials as vitreous substitutes[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2015, 16(10): 3093-3102. DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01091.

1. Cibis PA, Becker B, Okun E, et al. The use of liquid silicone in retinal detachment surgery[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1962, 68: 590-599. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1962.00960030594005.
2. Scott JD. A rationale for the use of liquid silicone[J]. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K, 1977, 97(2): 235-237.
3. Dave VP, Joseph J, Jayabhasker P, et al. Does ophthalmic-grade silicone oil possess antimicrobial properties?[J]. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 2019, 9(1): 20. DOI: 10.1186/s12348-019-0187-6.
4. Tabandeh H, London N, Boyer DS, et al. Outcomes of small-gauge vitreoretinal surgery without scleral-depressed shaving of the vitreous base in the era of wide-angle viewing systems[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2019, 103(12): 1765-1768. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313626.
5. Oravecz R, Uthoff D, Schrage N, et al. Comparison of modern high-speed vitrectomy systems and the advantages of using dual-bladed probes[J]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2021, 7(1): 8. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-020-00277-2.
6. Wang DY, Zhao XY, Zhang WF, et al. Perioperative anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents treatment in patients undergoing vitrectomy for complicated proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a network meta-analysis[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 18880[2020-11-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33144606/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75896-8.
7. Arevalo JF, Lasave AF, Kozak I, et al. Preoperative bevacizumab for tractional retinal detachment in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a prospective randomized clinical trial[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2019, 207: 279-287. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.05.007.
8. Acar N, Kapran Z, Altan T, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy with and without triamcinolone acetonide assistance in pseudophakic retinal detachment complicated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2010, 54(4): 331-337. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-010-0807-z.
9. Banerjee PJ, Bunce C, Charteris DG. Ozurdex (a slow-release dexamethasone implant) in proliferative vitreoretinopathy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial[J]. Trials, 2013, 14: 358. DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-358.
10. Feltgen N, Callizo J, Hattenbach LO, et al. The urgency of surgical treatment for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment[J]. Ophthalmologe, 2021, 118(Suppl 2): S160-165. DOI: 10.1007/s00347-021-01364-x.
11. Feltgen N, Walter P. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment-an ophthalmologic emergency[J]. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 2014, 111(1-2): 12-21. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2014.0012.
12. Berrocal MH, Acaba-Berrocal L. Early pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: update and review of current literature[J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2021, 32(3): 203-208. DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000760.
13. Hillier RJ, Felfeli T, Berger AR, et al. The pneumatic retinopexy versus vitrectomy for the management of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment outcomes randomized trial (PIVOT)[J]. Ophthalmology, 2019, 126(4): 531-539. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.11.014.
14. Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, et al. Posterior vitreous detachment, retinal breaks, and lattice degeneration preferred practice pattern(R)[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(1): 146-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.027.
15. Zanzottera EC, Marchese A, Bandello F, et al. Intraocular perfluorodecalin and silicone oil tamponade (double filling) in the management of complicated retinal detachment: functional and anatomical outcomes using small-gauge surgery[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2022, 260(4): 1105-1112. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05395-7.
16. Solaiman KA, Dabour SA. Supplemental scleral buckling for inferior retinal detachment in silicone oil-filled eyes[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(6): 1076-1082. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000037.
17. Chen Y, Kearns VR, Zhou L, et al. Silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery: indications, complications, new developments and alternative long-term tamponade agents[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2021, 99(3): 240-250. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14604.
18. Lu Y, Chan YK, Lau LH, et al. Adhesion of silicone oil and emulsification: an in vitro assessment using a microfluidic device and 'Eye-on-a-Chip'[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2019, 97(3): 313-318. DOI: 10.1111/aos.13982.
19. Heidenkummer HP, Kampik A, Thierfelder S. Emulsification of silicone oils with specific physicochemical characteristics[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 1991, 229(1): 88-94. DOI: 10.1007/BF00172269.
20. Lu Y, Chan YK, Lau LH, et al. Amphiphilic additives in silicone oil tamponade and emulsification: an eye-on-a-chip study[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2020, 98(2): e232-e237[2019-08-06]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31386804/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14212.
21. Savion N, Alhalel A, Treister G, et al. Role of blood components in ocular silicone oil emulsification. Studies on an in vitro model[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1996, 37(13): 2694-2699.
22. Romano MR, Cuomo F, Massarotti N, et al. Temperature effect on rheological behavior of silicone oils. A model for the viscous heating[J]. J Phys Chem B, 2017, 121(29): 7048-7054. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03351.
23. Dresp JH, Menz DH. Interaction of different ocular endotamponades as a risk factor for silicone oil emulsification[J]. Retina, 2005, 25(7): 902-910. DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200510000-00014.
24. Le Q, Wang X, Lyu J, et al. In vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy of the cornea in patients with silicone oil tamponade after vitreoretinal surgery[J]. Cornea, 2012, 31(8): 876-882. DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3182408cef.
25. Coman Cernat CC, Malita D, Stanca S, et al. Corneal endothelial changes induced by pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade for retinal detachment[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2021, 22(3): 961. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10393.
26. Honavar SG, Goyal M, Majji AB, et al. Glaucoma after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments[J]. Ophthalmology, 1999, 106(1): 169-176. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90017-9.
27. Nguyen QH, Lloyd MA, Heuer DK, et al. Incidence and management of glaucoma after intravitreal silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments[J]. Ophthalmology, 1992, 99(10): 1520-1526. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31771-3.
28. Duan A, She H, Qi Y. Complications after heavy silicone oil tamponade in complicated retinal detachment[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(3): 547-552. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181eef2fd.
29. Guizzo R, Paques MW, Anhezini L, et al. Neuroprotective effects of oral lamotrigine administration on rabbit retinas after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection[J]. Retina, 2008, 28(4): 638-644. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31815ec2da.
30. Pichi F, Hay S, Abboud EB. Inner retinal toxicity due to silicone oil: a case series and review of the literature[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(9): 2413-2422. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01418-0.
31. Caramoy A, Droege KM, Kirchhof B, et al. Retinal layers measurements in healthy eyes and in eyes receiving silicone oil-based endotamponade[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2014, 92(4): e292-e297[2013-11-18]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24238324/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12307.
32. Karaca U, Kucukevcilioglu M, Durukan AH, et al. The effect of longstanding silicone oil on retina choroid and optic nerve in eyes with retinal detachment: an optical coherence tomography study[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2022, 22(1): 11. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02239-0.
33. Kubicka-Trzaska A, Kobylarz J, Romanowska-Dixon B. Macular microcirculation blood flow after pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade[J]. Klin Oczna, 2011, 113(4-6): 146-148.
34. Roohipoor R, Tayebi F, Riazi-Esfahani H, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography changes in macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachments repaired with silicone oil[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(12): 3295-3302. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01516-z.
35. Agrawal R, Soni M, Biswas J, et al. Silicone oil-associated optic nerve degeneration[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2002, 133(3): 429-430. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01300-9.
36. Grzybowski A, Pieczynski J, Ascaso FJ. Neuronal complications of intravitreal silicone oil: an updated review[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2014, 92(3): 201-204. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12212.
37. Yadav I, Purohit SD, Singh H, et al. Vitreous substitutes: an overview of the properties, importance, and development[J]. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2021, 109(8): 1156-1176. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34778.
38. Su X, Tan MJ, Li Z, et al. Recent progress in using biomaterials as vitreous substitutes[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2015, 16(10): 3093-3102. DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01091.

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

New insight into silicone oil in the era of minimally invasive vitrectomy

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