Research progress on the interaction between myopia and visual cortex_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Wang Sennan ,  Zhang Yan

Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, College of Optometry, Institute of Ophthalmology, National Clinical Medical Research Center for Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Tianjin Branch, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Function and Diseases, Tianjin 300384, China;

Corresponding author：

Zhang Yan, Email: yanzhang04@tmu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Myopia; Visual cortex; Functional connection; Functional magnetic resonance; Blood oxygen level dependent; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220321-00158

Video：

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Myopia is a major problem of public health in China, and even in the world, and slowing down the progress of myopia has become a hot issue of concern. However, the effects of the current therapeutic and interventional modalities to myopia, including optical lenses, chemical drugs, and laser surgery, the effect of treatment and intervention is not very satisfactory, and these modalities may incur some side effects. This situation suggests that the pathogenic and regulatory mechanisms of myopia remain elusive, and the myopia treatments lack the accurate and effective targets to the etiology. A complete visual experience depends on the entire visual pathway from the retina to the visual cortex, in which any structural and functional defect can lead to visual abnormalities. In recent years, with the advances in the infrared spectroscopy and the magnetic resonance imaging technology, more and more evidence has shown that the progression of myopia is related to the visual cortex. Improving the functional connectivity and blood prefusion between different regions of the visual cortex may impede myopia profession. In-depth understanding of the interaction between myopia and the visual cortex is helpful to search for accurate and effective myopia treatment targets and novel intervention strategies.

Citation： Wang Sennan, Zhang Yan. Research progress on the interaction between myopia and visual cortex. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2022, 38(11): 940-943. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220321-00158 Copy

1.	Zhang J, Li Z, Ren J, et al. Prevalence of myopia: a large-scale population-based study among children and adolescents in Weifang, China[J/OL]. Front Public Health, 2022, 10: 924566[2022-07-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35958863/. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.924566.
2.	Walline JJ, Lindsley KB, Vedula SS, et al. Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children[J/OL]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020, 1(1): CD004916[2022-01-13]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31930781/. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004916.pub4.
3.	VanderVeen DK, Kraker RT, Pineles SL, et al. Use of orthokeratology for the prevention of myopic progression in children: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology[J]. Ophthalmology, 2019, 126(4): 623-636. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.11.026.
4.	Ha A, Kim SJ, Shim SR, et al. Efficacy and safety of 8 atropine concentrations for myopia control in children: a network meta-analysis[J]. Ophthalmology, 2022, 129(3): 322-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.10.016.
5.	Sankaridurg P, Tahhan N, Kandel H, et al. IMI impact of myopia[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2021, 62(5): 2. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.2.
6.	Denman DJ, Siegle JH, Koch C, et al. Spatial organization of chromatic pathways in the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus[J]. J Neurosci, 2017, 37(5): 1102-1116. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1742-16.2016.
7.	Conway BR. Color signals through dorsal and ventral visual pathways[J]. Vis Neurosci, 2014, 31(2): 197-209. DOI: 10.1017/S0952523813000382.
8.	Miller NP, Aldred B, Schmitt MA, et al. Impact of amblyopia on the central nervous system[J]. J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil, 2020, 70(4): 182-192. DOI: 10.1080/2576117X.2020.1841710.
9.	Ye J, Sinha P, Hou F, et al. Impact of temporal visual flicker on spatial contrast sensitivity in myopia[J/OL]. Front Neurosci, 2021, 15: 710344[2021-08-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34421527/. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.710344.
10.	Megreli J, Barak A, Bez M, et al. Association of myopia with cognitive function among one million adolescents[J/OL]. BMC Public Health, 2020, 20(1): 647[2020-05-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32384882/. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08765-8.
11.	Wu YJ, Wu N, Huang X, et al. Evidence of cortical thickness reduction and disconnection in high myopia[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 16239[2020-10-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33004887/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73415-3.
12.	Huang X, Hu Y, Zhou F, et al. Altered whole-brain gray matter volume in high myopia patients: a voxel-based morphometry study[J]. Neuroreport, 2018, 29(9): 760-767. DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001028.
13.	Zhang Y, Lin X, Bi A, et al. Changes in visual cortical function in moderately myopic patients: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2022, 42(1): 36-47. DOI: 10.1111/opo.12921.
14.	Suo S, Tang H, Lu Q, et al. Blood oxygenation level-dependent cardiovascular magnetic resonance of the skeletal muscle in healthy adults: different paradigms for provoking signal alterations[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2021, 85(3): 1590-1601. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28495.
15.	Li Q, Guo M, Dong H, et al. Voxel-based analysis of regional gray and white matter concentration in high myopia[J]. Vision Res, 2012, 58: 45-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2012.02.005.
16.	Zhai L, Li Q, Wang T, et al. Altered functional connectivity density in high myopia[J]. Behav Brain Res, 2016, 303: 85-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.046.
17.	Wu YY, Yuan Q, Li B, et al. Altered spontaneous brain activity patterns in patients with retinal vein occlusion indicated by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2019, 18(3): 2063-2071. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7770.
18.	Cheng Y, Huang X, Hu YX, et al. Comparison of intrinsic brain activity in individuals with low/moderate myopia versus high myopia revealed by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations[J]. Acta Radiol, 2020, 61(4): 496-507. DOI: 10.1177/0284185119867633.
19.	Yu YJ, Liang RB, Yang QC, et al. Altered spontaneous brain activity patterns in patients after lasik surgery using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation: a resting-state functional MRI study[J]. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2020, 16: 1907-1917. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S252850.
20.	Durrie D, McMinn PS. Computer-based primary visual cortex training for treatment of low myopia and early presbyopia[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 2007, 105: 132-138.
21.	Nickla DL, Thai P, Zanzerkia Trahan R, et al. Myopic defocus in the evening is more effective at inhibiting eye growth than defocus in the morning: effects on rhythms in axial length and choroid thickness in chicks[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2017, 154: 104-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.11.012.
22.	Kang MT, Wang B, Ran AR, et al. Brain activation induced by myopic and hyperopic defocus from spectacles[J/OL]. Front Hum Neurosci, 2021, 15: 711713[2021-09-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34594194/. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.711713.
23.	Beaupere C, Liboz A, Feve B, et al. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(2): 623. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020623.
24.	Ding M, Guo D, Wu J, et al. Effects of glucocorticoid on the eye development in guinea pigs[J]. Steroids, 2018, 139: 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.09.008.
25.	Zhang T, Jiang Q, Xu F, et al. Alternation of resting-state functional connectivity between visual cortex and hypothalamus in guinea pigs with experimental glucocorticoid enhanced myopia after the treatment of electroacupuncture[J/OL]. Front Neuroinform, 2020, 14: 579769[2021-01-13]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33519409/. DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.579769.
26.	Sha F, Ye X, Zhao W, et al. Effects of electroacupuncture on the levels of retinal gamma-aminobutyric acid and its receptors in a guinea pig model of lens-induced myopia[J]. Neuroscience, 2015, 287: 164-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.022.
27.	Kurcyus K, Annac E, Hanning NM, et al. Opposite dynamics of GABA and glutamate levels in the occipital cortex during visual processing[J]. J Neurosci, 2018, 38(46): 9967-9976. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1214-18.2018.
28.	Chamberlain JD, Gagnon H, Lalwani P, et al. GABA levels in ventral visual cortex decline with age and are associated with neural distinctiveness[J]. Neurobiol Aging, 2021, 102: 170-177. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.013.
29.	Zhao W, Bi AL, Xu CL, et al. GABA and GABA receptors alterations in the primary visual cortex of concave lens-induced myopic model[J]. Brain Res Bull, 2017, 130: 173-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.017.
30.	Zhou X, Pardue MT, Iuvone PM, et al. Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2017, 61: 60-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003.
31.	Landis EG, Park HN, Chrenek M, et al. Ambient light regulates retinal dopamine signaling and myopia susceptibility[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2021, 62(1): 28. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.1.28.
32.	Yang J, Ouyang X, Fu H, et al. Advances in biomedical study of the myopia-related signaling pathways and mechanisms[J/OL]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2022, 145: 112472[2022-01-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861634/. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112472.
33.	Huang F, Wang Q, Yan T, et al. The Role of the dopamine D2 receptor in form-deprivation myopia in mice: studies with full and partial D2 receptor agonists and knockouts[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2020, 61(6): 47. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.47.
34.	Guoping L, Xiang Y, Jianfeng W, et al. Alterations of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid expressions in normal and myopic eye development in guinea pigs[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(2): 1256-1265. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21130.

1. Zhang J, Li Z, Ren J, et al. Prevalence of myopia: a large-scale population-based study among children and adolescents in Weifang, China[J/OL]. Front Public Health, 2022, 10: 924566[2022-07-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35958863/. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.924566.
2. Walline JJ, Lindsley KB, Vedula SS, et al. Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children[J/OL]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020, 1(1): CD004916[2022-01-13]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31930781/. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004916.pub4.
3. VanderVeen DK, Kraker RT, Pineles SL, et al. Use of orthokeratology for the prevention of myopic progression in children: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology[J]. Ophthalmology, 2019, 126(4): 623-636. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.11.026.
4. Ha A, Kim SJ, Shim SR, et al. Efficacy and safety of 8 atropine concentrations for myopia control in children: a network meta-analysis[J]. Ophthalmology, 2022, 129(3): 322-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.10.016.
5. Sankaridurg P, Tahhan N, Kandel H, et al. IMI impact of myopia[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2021, 62(5): 2. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.2.
6. Denman DJ, Siegle JH, Koch C, et al. Spatial organization of chromatic pathways in the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus[J]. J Neurosci, 2017, 37(5): 1102-1116. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1742-16.2016.
7. Conway BR. Color signals through dorsal and ventral visual pathways[J]. Vis Neurosci, 2014, 31(2): 197-209. DOI: 10.1017/S0952523813000382.
8. Miller NP, Aldred B, Schmitt MA, et al. Impact of amblyopia on the central nervous system[J]. J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil, 2020, 70(4): 182-192. DOI: 10.1080/2576117X.2020.1841710.
9. Ye J, Sinha P, Hou F, et al. Impact of temporal visual flicker on spatial contrast sensitivity in myopia[J/OL]. Front Neurosci, 2021, 15: 710344[2021-08-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34421527/. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.710344.
10. Megreli J, Barak A, Bez M, et al. Association of myopia with cognitive function among one million adolescents[J/OL]. BMC Public Health, 2020, 20(1): 647[2020-05-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32384882/. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08765-8.
11. Wu YJ, Wu N, Huang X, et al. Evidence of cortical thickness reduction and disconnection in high myopia[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 16239[2020-10-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33004887/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73415-3.
12. Huang X, Hu Y, Zhou F, et al. Altered whole-brain gray matter volume in high myopia patients: a voxel-based morphometry study[J]. Neuroreport, 2018, 29(9): 760-767. DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001028.
13. Zhang Y, Lin X, Bi A, et al. Changes in visual cortical function in moderately myopic patients: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2022, 42(1): 36-47. DOI: 10.1111/opo.12921.
14. Suo S, Tang H, Lu Q, et al. Blood oxygenation level-dependent cardiovascular magnetic resonance of the skeletal muscle in healthy adults: different paradigms for provoking signal alterations[J]. Magn Reson Med, 2021, 85(3): 1590-1601. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28495.
15. Li Q, Guo M, Dong H, et al. Voxel-based analysis of regional gray and white matter concentration in high myopia[J]. Vision Res, 2012, 58: 45-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2012.02.005.
16. Zhai L, Li Q, Wang T, et al. Altered functional connectivity density in high myopia[J]. Behav Brain Res, 2016, 303: 85-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.046.
17. Wu YY, Yuan Q, Li B, et al. Altered spontaneous brain activity patterns in patients with retinal vein occlusion indicated by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2019, 18(3): 2063-2071. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7770.
18. Cheng Y, Huang X, Hu YX, et al. Comparison of intrinsic brain activity in individuals with low/moderate myopia versus high myopia revealed by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations[J]. Acta Radiol, 2020, 61(4): 496-507. DOI: 10.1177/0284185119867633.
19. Yu YJ, Liang RB, Yang QC, et al. Altered spontaneous brain activity patterns in patients after lasik surgery using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation: a resting-state functional MRI study[J]. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2020, 16: 1907-1917. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S252850.
20. Durrie D, McMinn PS. Computer-based primary visual cortex training for treatment of low myopia and early presbyopia[J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 2007, 105: 132-138.
21. Nickla DL, Thai P, Zanzerkia Trahan R, et al. Myopic defocus in the evening is more effective at inhibiting eye growth than defocus in the morning: effects on rhythms in axial length and choroid thickness in chicks[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2017, 154: 104-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.11.012.
22. Kang MT, Wang B, Ran AR, et al. Brain activation induced by myopic and hyperopic defocus from spectacles[J/OL]. Front Hum Neurosci, 2021, 15: 711713[2021-09-14]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34594194/. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.711713.
23. Beaupere C, Liboz A, Feve B, et al. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(2): 623. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020623.
24. Ding M, Guo D, Wu J, et al. Effects of glucocorticoid on the eye development in guinea pigs[J]. Steroids, 2018, 139: 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.09.008.
25. Zhang T, Jiang Q, Xu F, et al. Alternation of resting-state functional connectivity between visual cortex and hypothalamus in guinea pigs with experimental glucocorticoid enhanced myopia after the treatment of electroacupuncture[J/OL]. Front Neuroinform, 2020, 14: 579769[2021-01-13]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33519409/. DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.579769.
26. Sha F, Ye X, Zhao W, et al. Effects of electroacupuncture on the levels of retinal gamma-aminobutyric acid and its receptors in a guinea pig model of lens-induced myopia[J]. Neuroscience, 2015, 287: 164-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.022.
27. Kurcyus K, Annac E, Hanning NM, et al. Opposite dynamics of GABA and glutamate levels in the occipital cortex during visual processing[J]. J Neurosci, 2018, 38(46): 9967-9976. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1214-18.2018.
28. Chamberlain JD, Gagnon H, Lalwani P, et al. GABA levels in ventral visual cortex decline with age and are associated with neural distinctiveness[J]. Neurobiol Aging, 2021, 102: 170-177. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.013.
29. Zhao W, Bi AL, Xu CL, et al. GABA and GABA receptors alterations in the primary visual cortex of concave lens-induced myopic model[J]. Brain Res Bull, 2017, 130: 173-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.017.
30. Zhou X, Pardue MT, Iuvone PM, et al. Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2017, 61: 60-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003.
31. Landis EG, Park HN, Chrenek M, et al. Ambient light regulates retinal dopamine signaling and myopia susceptibility[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2021, 62(1): 28. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.1.28.
32. Yang J, Ouyang X, Fu H, et al. Advances in biomedical study of the myopia-related signaling pathways and mechanisms[J/OL]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2022, 145: 112472[2022-01-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861634/. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112472.
33. Huang F, Wang Q, Yan T, et al. The Role of the dopamine D2 receptor in form-deprivation myopia in mice: studies with full and partial D2 receptor agonists and knockouts[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2020, 61(6): 47. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.47.
34. Guoping L, Xiang Y, Jianfeng W, et al. Alterations of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid expressions in normal and myopic eye development in guinea pigs[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(2): 1256-1265. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21130.

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