Research of full thickness macular hole secondary to retinal vein occlusion_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Wu Xijin ,  Liu Wu

Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China;

Corresponding author：

Liu Wu, Email: wuliubj@sina.com

Keywords：

Macular hole; Retinal vein occlusion; Macular edema; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220325-00171

Video：

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Full thickness macular hole (FTMH) is a rare complication of retinal vein occlusion (RVO). These have different characteristics, and may associate with complications of RVO, such as cystoid macular edema and epiretinal membrane, and treatments like intravitreal injection. Although anatomical closure is often obtained with vitrectomy and inner limiting membrane peeling, visual improvement is often variable. Regularly follow-up, medical examination, and vitrectomy can improve the outcomes of patients. In the future, randomized controlled clinical trials with larger sample size are still needed to further explore the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics and treatment methods of FTMH after RVO, so as to improve the clinical prognosis of these patients.

Citation： Wu Xijin, Liu Wu. Research of full thickness macular hole secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2023, 39(9): 783-786. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20220325-00171 Copy

1.	Ip M, Hendrick A. Retinal vein occlusion review[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2018, 7(1): 40-45. DOI: 10.22608/APO.2017442.
2.	Ho M, Liu DTL, Lam DS, et al. Retinal vein occlusions, from basics to the latest treatment[J]. Retina, 2016, 36(3): 432-448. DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000843.
3.	Mishra C, Kannan NB, Sen S, et al. Clinical presentation and prognostic factors affecting surgical outcomes of secondary macular holes after retinal vein occlusions[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(11): 2817-2825. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01465-7.
4.	Muramatsu D, Mitsuhashi R, Iwasaki T, et al. Macular hole formation following intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab for branch retinal vein occlusion: a case report[J]. BMC Res Notes, 2015, 8: 358. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1324-4.
5.	Mitra S, Sarpal S, Chattopadhyay A, et al. Full-thickness macular hole formation following antivascular endothelial growth factor injection in a case of hemicentral retinal vein occlusion[J]. Oman J Op-hthalmol, 2021, 14(1): 49-51. DOI: 10.4103/ojo.OJO_103_2020.
6.	Glacet-Bernard A, Voigt M, Coscas G, et al. Full-thickness macular hole following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2007, 1(2): 62-64. DOI: 10.1097/01.ICB.0000264801.63988.73.
7.	Hirasawa M, Noda K, Shinoda H, et al. Secondary macular hole associated with central retinal vein occlusion treated with corticosteroid injection[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2009, 53(3): 279-281. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-009-0665-8.
8.	Kumawat D, Venkatesh P, Brar AS, et al. Atypical macular holes[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(7): 1236-1264. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002448.
9.	Rehak J, Rehak M. Branch retinal vein occlusion: pathogenesis, visual prognosis, and treatment modalities[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2008, 33(2): 111-131. DOI: 10.1080/02713680701851902.
10.	雍红芳, 戚卉, 吴瑛洁, 等. 视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿发病机制及黄斑水肿影响视功能的研究进展[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2019, 19(11): 1888-1891. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2019.11.17.Yong HF, Qi H, Wu YJ, et al. Research progress on the pathogenesis of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion and the effect of macular edema on visual function[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2019, 19(11): 1888-1891. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2019.11.17.
11.	Smiddy WE, Flynn HW Jr. Pathogenesis of macular holes and therapeutic implications[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2004, 137(3): 525-537. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2003.12.011.
12.	Woon WH, Greig D, Savage MD, et al. Movement of the inner retina complex during the development of primary full-thickness macular holes: implications for hypotheses of pathogenesis[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2015, 253(12): 2103-2109. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-2951-0.
13.	Tsukada K, Tsujikawa A, Murakami T, et al. Lamellar macular hole formation in chronic cystoid macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2011, 55(5): 506-513. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0056-9.
14.	Maggio E, Maraone G, Mete M, et al. The prevalence of vitreomacular adhesion in eyes with macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion selected for intravitreal injections[J/OL]. Acta Ophthal-mol, 2021, 99(7): e1154-e1161[2021-01-09]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33421346/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14746.
15.	Jonas JB, Monés J, Glacet-Bernard A, et al. Retinal vein occlusions[J]. Dev Ophthalmol, 2017, 58: 139-167. DOI: 10.1159/000455278.
16.	Meuer SM, Myers CE, Klein BE, et al. The epidemiology of vitreoretinal interface abnormalities as detected by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: the beaver dam eye study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(4): 787-795. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.10.014.
17.	Maggio E, Polito A, Guerriero M, et al. Vitreomacular adhesion and the risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J]. Ophthalmology, 2017, 124(5): 657-666. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.01.018.
18.	De Benedetto U, Battaglia Parodi M, Knutsson KA, et al. Macular hole after injection of dexamethasone intravitreal implant for macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2013, 91(1): e75-e77[2012-08-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22863290/. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02484.x.
19.	Marticorena J, Romano MR, Heimann H, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for retinal vein occlusion and early growth of epiretinal membrane: a possible secondary effect?[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2011, 95(3): 391-395. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2009.177287.
20.	Yang JM, Choi SU, Kim YJ, et al. Association between epiretinal membrane epiretinal proliferation, and progonsis of full-thichness macular hole closure[J]. Retina, 2022, 42(1): 46-54. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000003262.
21.	Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Gerendas BS, et al. Guidelines for the management of retinal vein occlusion by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA)[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2019, 242(3): 123-162. DOI: 10.1159/000502041.
22.	Alpay A. Posterior vitreous detachment rate following intravitreal dexamethasone injection[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2019, 12(8): 1298-1303. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.08.10.
23.	Geck U, Pustolla N, Baraki H, et al. Posterior vitreous detachment following intravitreal drug injection[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2013, 251(7): 1691-1695. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2266-y.
24.	Chung EJ, Koh HJ. Retinal detachment with macular hole following combined photodynamic therapy and intravitreal Bevacizumab injection[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2007, 21(3): 185-187. DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2007.21.3.185.
25.	Kabanarou SA, Xirou T, Mangouritsas G, et al. Full-thickness macular hole formation following anti-VEGF injections for neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J]. Clin Interv Aging, 2017, 12: 911-915. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S135364.
26.	Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Degenring RF. Retinal complications of intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2004, 242(2): 184-185. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-003-0841-3.
27.	Park CH, Jaffe GJ, Fekrat S. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in eyes with cystoid macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2003, 136(3): 419-425. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(03)00228-9.
28.	Hang A, Feldman S, Amin AP, et al. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies for retinal disorders[J/OL]. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2023, 16(8): 1140[2023-08-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631054/. DOI: 10.3390/ph16081140.
29.	Di Antonio L, Toto L, Carpineto P, et al. Macular pseudohole development after sustained-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant for macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2014, 24(1): 134-137. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000317.
30.	Shukla D, Kalliath J, Tandon M, et al. Vitrectomy for optic disk pit with macular schisis and outer retinal dehiscence[J]. Retina, 2012, 32(7): 1337-1342. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318235d8fc.
31.	Gross JG. Late reopening and spontaneous closure of previously repaired macular holes[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2005, 140(3): 556-558. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.03.044.
32.	Kumagai K, Ogino N, Furukawa M, et al. Surgical outcomes for patients who develop macular holes after pars plana vitrectomy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2008, 145(6): 1077-1080. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.01.030.
33.	Francone A, Essilfie J, Sarraf D, et al. Effect of laser photocoagulation on macular edema associated with macular holes[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2021, 15(6): 730-733. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000901.
34.	Takahashi H, Kishi S. Optical coherence tomography images of spontaneous macular hole closure[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1999, 128(4): 519-520. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00173-7.
35.	Shukla D. Secondary macular holes: when to jump in and when to stay out[J]. Expert Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 8(5): 437-446. DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2013.844069.
36.	Brockmann T, Steger C, Weger M, et al. Risk assessment of idiopathic macular holes undergoing vitrectomy with dye-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(6): 1132-1136. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31827c5384.
37.	Shukla D. Evolution and management of macular hole secondary to type 2 idiopathic macular telang-iectasia[J]. Eye (Lond), 2011, 25(4): 532-533. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2010.233.
38.	Shukla D, Rajendran A, Kim R. Macular hole formation and spontaneous closure after vitrectomy for central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2006, 244(10): 1350-1352. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-006-0258-x.

1. Ip M, Hendrick A. Retinal vein occlusion review[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2018, 7(1): 40-45. DOI: 10.22608/APO.2017442.
2. Ho M, Liu DTL, Lam DS, et al. Retinal vein occlusions, from basics to the latest treatment[J]. Retina, 2016, 36(3): 432-448. DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000843.
3. Mishra C, Kannan NB, Sen S, et al. Clinical presentation and prognostic factors affecting surgical outcomes of secondary macular holes after retinal vein occlusions[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2020, 40(11): 2817-2825. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01465-7.
4. Muramatsu D, Mitsuhashi R, Iwasaki T, et al. Macular hole formation following intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab for branch retinal vein occlusion: a case report[J]. BMC Res Notes, 2015, 8: 358. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1324-4.
5. Mitra S, Sarpal S, Chattopadhyay A, et al. Full-thickness macular hole formation following antivascular endothelial growth factor injection in a case of hemicentral retinal vein occlusion[J]. Oman J Op-hthalmol, 2021, 14(1): 49-51. DOI: 10.4103/ojo.OJO_103_2020.
6. Glacet-Bernard A, Voigt M, Coscas G, et al. Full-thickness macular hole following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2007, 1(2): 62-64. DOI: 10.1097/01.ICB.0000264801.63988.73.
7. Hirasawa M, Noda K, Shinoda H, et al. Secondary macular hole associated with central retinal vein occlusion treated with corticosteroid injection[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2009, 53(3): 279-281. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-009-0665-8.
8. Kumawat D, Venkatesh P, Brar AS, et al. Atypical macular holes[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(7): 1236-1264. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002448.
9. Rehak J, Rehak M. Branch retinal vein occlusion: pathogenesis, visual prognosis, and treatment modalities[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2008, 33(2): 111-131. DOI: 10.1080/02713680701851902.
10. 雍红芳, 戚卉, 吴瑛洁, 等. 视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿发病机制及黄斑水肿影响视功能的研究进展[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2019, 19(11): 1888-1891. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2019.11.17.Yong HF, Qi H, Wu YJ, et al. Research progress on the pathogenesis of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion and the effect of macular edema on visual function[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2019, 19(11): 1888-1891. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2019.11.17.
11. Smiddy WE, Flynn HW Jr. Pathogenesis of macular holes and therapeutic implications[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2004, 137(3): 525-537. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2003.12.011.
12. Woon WH, Greig D, Savage MD, et al. Movement of the inner retina complex during the development of primary full-thickness macular holes: implications for hypotheses of pathogenesis[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2015, 253(12): 2103-2109. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-2951-0.
13. Tsukada K, Tsujikawa A, Murakami T, et al. Lamellar macular hole formation in chronic cystoid macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2011, 55(5): 506-513. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0056-9.
14. Maggio E, Maraone G, Mete M, et al. The prevalence of vitreomacular adhesion in eyes with macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion selected for intravitreal injections[J/OL]. Acta Ophthal-mol, 2021, 99(7): e1154-e1161[2021-01-09]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33421346/. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14746.
15. Jonas JB, Monés J, Glacet-Bernard A, et al. Retinal vein occlusions[J]. Dev Ophthalmol, 2017, 58: 139-167. DOI: 10.1159/000455278.
16. Meuer SM, Myers CE, Klein BE, et al. The epidemiology of vitreoretinal interface abnormalities as detected by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: the beaver dam eye study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(4): 787-795. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.10.014.
17. Maggio E, Polito A, Guerriero M, et al. Vitreomacular adhesion and the risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J]. Ophthalmology, 2017, 124(5): 657-666. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.01.018.
18. De Benedetto U, Battaglia Parodi M, Knutsson KA, et al. Macular hole after injection of dexamethasone intravitreal implant for macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2013, 91(1): e75-e77[2012-08-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22863290/. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02484.x.
19. Marticorena J, Romano MR, Heimann H, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for retinal vein occlusion and early growth of epiretinal membrane: a possible secondary effect?[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2011, 95(3): 391-395. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2009.177287.
20. Yang JM, Choi SU, Kim YJ, et al. Association between epiretinal membrane epiretinal proliferation, and progonsis of full-thichness macular hole closure[J]. Retina, 2022, 42(1): 46-54. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000003262.
21. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Gerendas BS, et al. Guidelines for the management of retinal vein occlusion by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA)[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2019, 242(3): 123-162. DOI: 10.1159/000502041.
22. Alpay A. Posterior vitreous detachment rate following intravitreal dexamethasone injection[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2019, 12(8): 1298-1303. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.08.10.
23. Geck U, Pustolla N, Baraki H, et al. Posterior vitreous detachment following intravitreal drug injection[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2013, 251(7): 1691-1695. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2266-y.
24. Chung EJ, Koh HJ. Retinal detachment with macular hole following combined photodynamic therapy and intravitreal Bevacizumab injection[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2007, 21(3): 185-187. DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2007.21.3.185.
25. Kabanarou SA, Xirou T, Mangouritsas G, et al. Full-thickness macular hole formation following anti-VEGF injections for neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J]. Clin Interv Aging, 2017, 12: 911-915. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S135364.
26. Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Degenring RF. Retinal complications of intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2004, 242(2): 184-185. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-003-0841-3.
27. Park CH, Jaffe GJ, Fekrat S. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in eyes with cystoid macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2003, 136(3): 419-425. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(03)00228-9.
28. Hang A, Feldman S, Amin AP, et al. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies for retinal disorders[J/OL]. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2023, 16(8): 1140[2023-08-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631054/. DOI: 10.3390/ph16081140.
29. Di Antonio L, Toto L, Carpineto P, et al. Macular pseudohole development after sustained-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant for macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2014, 24(1): 134-137. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000317.
30. Shukla D, Kalliath J, Tandon M, et al. Vitrectomy for optic disk pit with macular schisis and outer retinal dehiscence[J]. Retina, 2012, 32(7): 1337-1342. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318235d8fc.
31. Gross JG. Late reopening and spontaneous closure of previously repaired macular holes[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2005, 140(3): 556-558. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.03.044.
32. Kumagai K, Ogino N, Furukawa M, et al. Surgical outcomes for patients who develop macular holes after pars plana vitrectomy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2008, 145(6): 1077-1080. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.01.030.
33. Francone A, Essilfie J, Sarraf D, et al. Effect of laser photocoagulation on macular edema associated with macular holes[J]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2021, 15(6): 730-733. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000901.
34. Takahashi H, Kishi S. Optical coherence tomography images of spontaneous macular hole closure[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1999, 128(4): 519-520. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00173-7.
35. Shukla D. Secondary macular holes: when to jump in and when to stay out[J]. Expert Rev Ophthalmol, 2014, 8(5): 437-446. DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2013.844069.
36. Brockmann T, Steger C, Weger M, et al. Risk assessment of idiopathic macular holes undergoing vitrectomy with dye-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(6): 1132-1136. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31827c5384.
37. Shukla D. Evolution and management of macular hole secondary to type 2 idiopathic macular telang-iectasia[J]. Eye (Lond), 2011, 25(4): 532-533. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2010.233.
38. Shukla D, Rajendran A, Kim R. Macular hole formation and spontaneous closure after vitrectomy for central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2006, 244(10): 1350-1352. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-006-0258-x.

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