Research progress of multimodal imaging in central serous chorioretinopathy_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Jin Enzhong , Zhao Mingwei ,  Qian Tong

Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People′s Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100044, China;

Corresponding author：

Qian Tong, Email: drqiantong@126.com

Keywords：

Central serous chorioretinopathy; Multimodal imaging; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230306-00106

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Central serous chorioretinitis (CSC) is a kind of choroidal retinopathy characterized by choroidal vasodilatation and hyperpermeability, retinal pigment epithelial cell lesions and serous retinal detachment. Various imaging examinations and imaging techniques have been used to describe the characteristics of the retina and choroid. Fundus manifestations of different types of CSC has both generality, and have their respective characteristic. The classification of CSC and its differentiation from other diseases including the choroidal neovascularization and pachychoroidopathy spectrum depending on varieties of fundus imaging techniques. The current study aims to review the various performance characteristics of CSC especially for chronic CSC with multimodal imaging and the current research progress, so as to provide reference for ophthalmologists to more comprehensively and intuitively understand the clinical characteristics and potential pathogenesis of CSC, and also to provide basis for multimodal imaging assisted diagnosis and treatment.

Citation： Jin Enzhong, Zhao Mingwei, Qian Tong. Research progress of multimodal imaging in central serous chorioretinopathy. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2023, 39(4): 341-346. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20230306-00106 Copy

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1. Kaye R, Chandra S, Sheth J, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy: an update on risk factors, pathophysiology and imaging modalities[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2020, 79: 100865[2020-05-11]. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1350-9462(20)30037-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100865.
2. Prünte C, Flammer J. Choroidal capillary and venous congestion in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1996, 121(1): 26-34. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70531-8.
3. Burumcek E, Mudun A, Karacorlu S, et al. Laser photocoagulation for persistent central serous retinopathy: results of long-term follow-up[J]. Ophthalmology, 1997, 104(4): 616-622. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30262-0.
4. Saxena S, Sinha N, Sharma S. Three-dimensional imaging by spectral domain optical coherence tomography in central serous chorioretinopathy with fibrin[J]. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor, 2012, 4(4): 149-153. DOI: 10.1007/s12177-012-9087-9.
5. Maruko I, Iida T, Ojima A, et al. Subretinal dot-like precipitates and yellow material in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(4): 759-765. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181fbce8e.
6. Matsumoto H, Kishi S, Otani T, et al. Elongation of photoreceptor outer segment in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2008, 145(1): 162-168. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.08.024.
7. Matsumoto H, Kishi S, Sato T, et al. Fundus autofluorescence of elongated photoreceptor outer segments in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2011, 151(4): 617-623. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.09.031.
8. Iida T, Yannuzzi LA, Spaide RF, et al. Cystoid macular degeneration in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Retina, 2003, 23(1): 1-7; quiz 137-138. DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200302000-00001.
9. Piccolino FC, De La Longrais RR, Manea M, et al. Posterior cystoid retinal degeneration in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Retina, 2008, 28(7): 1008-1012. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31816b4b86.
10. Deng K, Gui Y, Cai Y, et al. Changes in the foveal outer nuclear layer of central serous chorioretinopathy patients over the disease course and their response to photodynamic therapy[J]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 8: 824239[2022-01-14]. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.824239.
11. Daruich A, Matet A, Dirani A, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy: recent findings and new physiopathology hypothesis[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2015, 48: 82-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.05.003.
12. Mudvari SS, Goff MJ, Fu AD, et al. The natural history of pigment epithelial detachment associated with central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Retina, 2007, 27(9): 1168-1173. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318156db8a.
13. Gupta P, Gupta V, Dogra MR, et al. Morphological changes in the retinal pigment epithelium on spectral-domain OCT in the unaffected eyes with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2010, 30(2): 175-181. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-009-9302-2.
14. Sheth J, Anantharaman G, Chandra S, et al. "Double-layer sign" on spectral domain optical coherence tomography in pachychoroid spectrum disease[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(12): 1796-1801. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_377_18.
15. Lim Z, Wong D. Retinal pigment epithelial rip associated with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Eye (Lond), 2008, 22(3): 471-473. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6703020.
16. Mohabati D, van Rijssen TJ, van Dijk EH, et al. Clinical characteristics and long-term visual outcome of severe phenotypes of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2018, 12: 1061-1070. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S160956.
17. van Velthoven ME, Verbraak FD, Garcia PM, et al. Evaluation of central serous retinopathy with en face optical coherence tomography[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2005, 89(11): 1483-1488. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.073056.
18. Yang L, Jonas JB, Wei W. Optical coherence tomography-assisted enhanced depth imaging of central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013, 54(7): 4659-4665. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10991.
19. Imamura Y, Fujiwara T, Margolis R, et al. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Retina, 2009, 29(10): 1469-1473. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181be0a83.
20. Hua R, Liu L, Li C, et al. Evaluation of the effects of photodynamic therapy on chronic central serous chorioretinopathy based on the mean choroidal thickness and the lumen area of abnormal choroidal vessels[J]. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2014, 11(4): 519-525. DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.07.005.
21. Dang Y, Sun X, Xu Y, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness after photodynamic therapy in patients with acute idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2014, 10: 37-43. DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S54213.
22. Agrawal R, Chhablani J, Tan KA, et al. Choroidal vascularity index in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Retina, 2016, 36(9): 1646-1651. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001040.
23. Imanaga N, Terao N, Nakamine S, et al. Scleral thickness in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2021, 5(3): 285-291. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2020.07.011.
24. Terao N, Imanaga N, Wakugawa S, et al. Ciliochoroidal effusion in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Retina, 2022, 42(4): 730-737. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000003376.
25. Yannuzzi LA, Freund KB, Goldbaum M, et al. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy masquerading as central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Ophthalmology, 2000, 107(4): 767-777. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00173-6.
26. Bujarborua D, Nagpal PN, Deka M. Smokestack leak in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2010, 248(3): 339-351. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1212-5.
27. Polak BC, Baarsma GS, Snyers B. Diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy complicating systemic corticosteroid treatment[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1995, 79(10): 922-925. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.79.10.922.
28. Yannuzzi LA, Shakin JL, Fisher YL, et al. Peripheral retinal detachments and retinal pigment epithelial atrophic tracts secondary to central serous pigment epitheliopathy[J]. Ophthalmology, 1984, 91(12): 1554-1572. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34117-3.
29. Yannuzzi LA. Indocyanine green angiography: a perspective on use in the clinical setting[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2011, 151(5): 745-751. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.01.043.
30. Spaide RF, Hall L, Haas A, et al. Indocyanine green videoangiography of older patients with central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Retina, 1996, 16(3): 203-213. DOI: 10.1097/00006982-199616030-00004.
31. Kitaya N, Nagaoka T, Hikichi T, et al. Features of abnormal choroidal circulation in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2003, 87(6): 709-712. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.6.709.
32. Pang CE, Shah VP, Sarraf D, et al. Ultra-widefield imaging with autofluorescence and indocyanine green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2014, 158(2): 362-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.04.021.
33. Hiroe T, Kishi S. Dilatation of asymmetric vortex vein in central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2018, 2(2): 152-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2017.05.013.
34. Hirami Y, Tsujikawa A, Gotoh N, et al. Alterations of retinal pigment epithelium in central serous chorioretinopathy treated by laser photocoagulation[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2007, 51(6): 477-478. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-007-0472-z.
35. Kishi S, Matsumoto H. A new insight into pachychoroid diseases: remodeling of choroidal vasculature[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2022, 260(11): 3405-3417. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05687-6.
36. Hayreh SS. Segmental nature of the choroidal vasculature[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1975, 59(11): 631-648. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.59.11.631.
37. Kishi S, Matsumoto H, Sonoda S, et al. Geographic filling delay of the choriocapillaris in the region of dilated asymmetric vortex veins in central serous chorioretinopathy[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(11): e0206646[2018-11-09]. https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/30412594. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206646.
38. Framme C, Walter A, Gabler B, et al. Fundus autofluorescence in acute and chronic-recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 2005, 83(2): 161-167. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00442.x.
39. Iacono P, Battaglia PM, Papayannis A, et al. Acute central serous chorioretinopathy: a correlation study between fundus autofluorescence and spectral-domain OCT[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2015, 253(11): 1889-1897. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2899-5.
40. Keilhauer CN, Delori FC. Near-infrared autofluorescence imaging of the fundus: visualization of ocular melanin[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2006, 47(8): 3556-3564. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0122.
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Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Research progress of multimodal imaging in central serous chorioretinopathy

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