Interpretation of <i>Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China</i>_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Miao Heng ¹ , Li Xiaoxin ^1,2 ,  Zhao Mingwei ¹

1. Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100044, China;
2. Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China;

Corresponding author：

Zhao Mingwei, Email: dr_zhaomignwei@163.com

Keywords：

Retinal vein occlusion; Pathways for clinical diagnosis and treatment; Interpretation of expert consensus

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240218-00071

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is one of the most important retinal vascular diseases in China that leads to severe loss of vision. In recent years, the emergence of various emerging imaging technologies and new drugs has not only deepened our understanding of the natural course of this disease, but also significantly changed the traditional treatment mode of retinal laser photocoagulation as the gold standard, thereby significantly improved the visual prognosis. However, currently in various regions and levels of hospitals in China, the diagnosis and treatment of RVO still rely mainly on their own experience. The awareness and knowledge of RVO among ophthalmologists in various regions still need to be improved. A standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment pathway is needed in order to meet the needs of most RVO patients. Led by the Fundus Disease Group of the Ophthalmology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the Fundus Disease Professional Committee of the Ophthalmology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, based on the existing evidence-based evidence at home and abroad, and following the principles of consensus formulation, Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China has been compiled. The consensus systematically and comprehensively elaborated a standardized diagnosis and treatment pathway for RVO. Interpreting the key points in this consensus is helpful to highlight the core ideas, and improve the utilization of this consensus by ophthalmologists from all levels of hospitals.

Citation： Miao Heng, Li Xiaoxin, Zhao Mingwei. Interpretation of Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2024, 40(3): 186-189. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240218-00071 Copy

1.	Romano F, Lamanna F, Gabrielle PH, et al. Update on retinal vein occlusion[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2023, 12(2): 196-210. DOI: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000598.
2.	赵明威, 苗恒. 视网膜静脉阻塞诊疗重在全病程管理[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2020, 56(4): 246-249. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200207-00052.Zhao MW, Miao H. Whole course management is the key to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56(4): 246-249. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200207-00052.
3.	中华医学会眼科学分会眼底病学组, 中国医师协会眼科医师分会眼底病专业委员会. 中国视网膜静脉阻塞临床诊疗路径专家共识[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2024, 40(2): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.Fundus diseases Group, Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Ophthalmology Branch ofChinese Medical Doctor Association, Professional Committee of Fundus Diseases. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2024, 40(2): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.
4.	Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, et al. Retinal vein occlusions preferred practice pattern®[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(2): 288-320. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.029.
5.	Khayat M, Williams M, Lois N. Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2018, 63(6): 816-850. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.04.005.
6.	Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Central vein occlusion study of photocoagulation therapy. Baseline findings[J]. Online J Curr Clin Trials, 1993, 95: 1.
7.	Nicholson L, Vazquez-Alfageme C, Patrao NV, et al. Retinal nonperfusion in the posterior pole is associated with increased risk of neovascularization in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 182: 118-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.07.015.
8.	Thomas AS, Thomas MK, Finn AP, et al. Use of the ischemic index on widefield fluorescein angiography to characterize a central retinal vein occlusion as ischemic or nonischemic[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(6): 1033-1038. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002126.
9.	An W, Han J. Research progress of UWFFA and OCTA in retinal vein occlusion: a review[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 31(6): 2850-2855. DOI: 10.1177/11206721211027411.
10.	Tsai G, Banaee T, Conti FF, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with retinal vein occlusion[J]. J Ophthalmic Vis Res, 2018, 13(3): 315-332. DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_264_17.
11.	Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser scatter photocoagulation for prevention of neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage in branch vein occlusion. A randomized clinical trial[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1986, 104(1): 34-41. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1986.01050130044017.
12.	Terelak-Borys B, Skonieczna K, Grabska-Liberek I. Ocular ischemic syndrome-a systematic review[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2012, 18(8): 138-144. DOI: 10.12659/msm.883260.
13.	Chen TY, Uppuluri A, Zarbin MA, et al. Risk factors for central retinal vein occlusion in young adults[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 31(5): 2546-2555. DOI: 10.1177/1120672120960333.
14.	Deobhakta A, Chang LK. Inflammation in retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Int J Inflam, 2013, 2013: 438412[2013-04-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23653882/. DOI: 10.1155/2013/438412.
15.	Zhong P, He M, Yu H, et al. A meta-analysis of cardiovascular events associated with intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in patients with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2020, 45(5): 615-622. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1687727.
16.	Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Gerendas BS, et al. Guidelines for the management of retinal vein occlusion by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA)[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2019, 242(3): 123-162. DOI: 10.1159/000502041.
17.	Gao S, Zhang Y, Li X, et al. Comparative efficacy of pharmacotherapy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a network meta-analysis[J/OL]. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 752048[2021-12-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34955825/. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.752048.
18.	Sun Z, Zhou H, Lin B, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal conbercept injections in macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(9): 1723-1730. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001404.
19.	Wei W, Weisberger A, Zhu L, et al. Efficacy and safety of ranibizumab in Asian patients with branch retinal vein occlusion: results from the Randomized BLOSSOM Study[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2020, 4(1): 57-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.08.001.
20.	Chen X, Hu TM, Zuo J, et al. Intravitreal conbercept for branch retinal vein occlusion induced macular edema: one initial injection versus three monthly injections[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(1): 225. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01494-x.
21.	Zeng HY, Liu Q, Li XX, et al. One-year efficacy of intravitreal conbercept injection for macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion in Chinese patients[J]. Eye (Lond), 2020, 34(8): 1459-1464. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-0827-y.
22.	Chengdu Kanghong Biotech Co. L. 2017. Conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients of central retinal vein occlusion (CRAVE)[EB/OL]. [2022-07-13]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03223714.
23.	Chengdu Kanghong Biotech Co. L. 2017. Conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients with macular edema caused by branch retinal vein occlusion (BRAVE)[EB/OL]. [2022-06-13]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03108352.
24.	Mushtaq Y, Mushtaq MM, Gatzioufas Z, et al. Intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide implant (ILUVIEN®) for the treatment of retinal conditions. A review of clinical studies[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2023, 17: 961-975. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S403259.
25.	Coelho J, Pessoa B, Meireles A. Long-term management of non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion with fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant 190 mug (ILUVIEN®)[J/OL]. Ther Adv Ophthalmol, 2019, 11: 2515841418820755[2019-01-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30643869/. DOI: 10.1177/2515841418820755.
26.	Jain N, Stinnett SS, Jaffe GJ. Prospective study of a fluocinolone acetonide implant for chronic macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion: thirty-six-month results[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(1): 132-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.019.
27.	Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr, et al. Randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(6): 1134-1146. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.032.
28.	The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group M. Evaluation of grid pattern photocoagulation for macular edema in central vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(10): 1425-1433. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30849-4.
29.	The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group N. A randomized clinical trial of early panretinal photocoagulation for ischemic central vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(10): 1434-1444. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30848-2.
30.	The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1984, 98(3): 271-282. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(84)90316-7.
31.	Mohamed Q, McIntosh RL, Saw SM, et al. Interventions for central retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review[J]. Ophthalmology, 2007, 114(3): 507-519. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.11.011.
32.	McIntosh RL, Mohamed Q, Saw SM, et al. Interventions for branch retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review[J]. Ophthalmology, 2007, 114(5): 835-854. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.01.010.
33.	Sangroongruangsri S, Ratanapakorn T, Wu O, et al. Comparative efficacy of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept for treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 2018, 11(9): 903-916. DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1507735.
34.	Casselholm de Salles M, Amren U, Kvanta A, et al. Injection frequency of aflibercept versus ranibizumab in a treat-and-extend regimen for central retinal vein occlusion: a randomized clinical trial[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(7): 1370-1376. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002171.
35.	Liu W, Li Y, Cao R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of conbercept with ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(21): e20222[2020-05-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481293/. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020222.
36.	Massa H, Georgoudis P, Panos GD. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (OZURDEX®) for macular edema secondary to noninfectious uveitis: a review of the literature[J]. Ther Deliv, 2019, 10(6): 343-351. DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0024.
37.	Regnier SA, Larsen M, Bezlyak V, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of approved treatments for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: a network meta-analysis[J/OL]. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(6): e007527[2015-06-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26048209/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007527.
38.	中华医学会眼科学分会青光眼学组. 中国新生血管性青光眼诊疗专家共识(2019年)[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.Glaucoma Group, Society of Ophthalmology, Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of neovascular glaucoma in China (2019)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.

1. Romano F, Lamanna F, Gabrielle PH, et al. Update on retinal vein occlusion[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2023, 12(2): 196-210. DOI: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000598.
2. 赵明威, 苗恒. 视网膜静脉阻塞诊疗重在全病程管理[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2020, 56(4): 246-249. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200207-00052.Zhao MW, Miao H. Whole course management is the key to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56(4): 246-249. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200207-00052.
3. 中华医学会眼科学分会眼底病学组, 中国医师协会眼科医师分会眼底病专业委员会. 中国视网膜静脉阻塞临床诊疗路径专家共识[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2024, 40(2): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.Fundus diseases Group, Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Ophthalmology Branch ofChinese Medical Doctor Association, Professional Committee of Fundus Diseases. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2024, 40(2): 175-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056.
4. Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, et al. Retinal vein occlusions preferred practice pattern®[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(2): 288-320. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.029.
5. Khayat M, Williams M, Lois N. Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2018, 63(6): 816-850. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.04.005.
6. Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Central vein occlusion study of photocoagulation therapy. Baseline findings[J]. Online J Curr Clin Trials, 1993, 95: 1.
7. Nicholson L, Vazquez-Alfageme C, Patrao NV, et al. Retinal nonperfusion in the posterior pole is associated with increased risk of neovascularization in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 182: 118-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.07.015.
8. Thomas AS, Thomas MK, Finn AP, et al. Use of the ischemic index on widefield fluorescein angiography to characterize a central retinal vein occlusion as ischemic or nonischemic[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(6): 1033-1038. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002126.
9. An W, Han J. Research progress of UWFFA and OCTA in retinal vein occlusion: a review[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 31(6): 2850-2855. DOI: 10.1177/11206721211027411.
10. Tsai G, Banaee T, Conti FF, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with retinal vein occlusion[J]. J Ophthalmic Vis Res, 2018, 13(3): 315-332. DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_264_17.
11. Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser scatter photocoagulation for prevention of neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage in branch vein occlusion. A randomized clinical trial[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1986, 104(1): 34-41. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1986.01050130044017.
12. Terelak-Borys B, Skonieczna K, Grabska-Liberek I. Ocular ischemic syndrome-a systematic review[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2012, 18(8): 138-144. DOI: 10.12659/msm.883260.
13. Chen TY, Uppuluri A, Zarbin MA, et al. Risk factors for central retinal vein occlusion in young adults[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 31(5): 2546-2555. DOI: 10.1177/1120672120960333.
14. Deobhakta A, Chang LK. Inflammation in retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Int J Inflam, 2013, 2013: 438412[2013-04-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23653882/. DOI: 10.1155/2013/438412.
15. Zhong P, He M, Yu H, et al. A meta-analysis of cardiovascular events associated with intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in patients with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2020, 45(5): 615-622. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1687727.
16. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Gerendas BS, et al. Guidelines for the management of retinal vein occlusion by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA)[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2019, 242(3): 123-162. DOI: 10.1159/000502041.
17. Gao S, Zhang Y, Li X, et al. Comparative efficacy of pharmacotherapy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a network meta-analysis[J/OL]. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 752048[2021-12-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34955825/. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.752048.
18. Sun Z, Zhou H, Lin B, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal conbercept injections in macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(9): 1723-1730. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001404.
19. Wei W, Weisberger A, Zhu L, et al. Efficacy and safety of ranibizumab in Asian patients with branch retinal vein occlusion: results from the Randomized BLOSSOM Study[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2020, 4(1): 57-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.08.001.
20. Chen X, Hu TM, Zuo J, et al. Intravitreal conbercept for branch retinal vein occlusion induced macular edema: one initial injection versus three monthly injections[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(1): 225. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01494-x.
21. Zeng HY, Liu Q, Li XX, et al. One-year efficacy of intravitreal conbercept injection for macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion in Chinese patients[J]. Eye (Lond), 2020, 34(8): 1459-1464. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-0827-y.
22. Chengdu Kanghong Biotech Co. L. 2017. Conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients of central retinal vein occlusion (CRAVE)[EB/OL]. [2022-07-13]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03223714.
23. Chengdu Kanghong Biotech Co. L. 2017. Conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients with macular edema caused by branch retinal vein occlusion (BRAVE)[EB/OL]. [2022-06-13]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03108352.
24. Mushtaq Y, Mushtaq MM, Gatzioufas Z, et al. Intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide implant (ILUVIEN®) for the treatment of retinal conditions. A review of clinical studies[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2023, 17: 961-975. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S403259.
25. Coelho J, Pessoa B, Meireles A. Long-term management of non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion with fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant 190 mug (ILUVIEN®)[J/OL]. Ther Adv Ophthalmol, 2019, 11: 2515841418820755[2019-01-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30643869/. DOI: 10.1177/2515841418820755.
26. Jain N, Stinnett SS, Jaffe GJ. Prospective study of a fluocinolone acetonide implant for chronic macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion: thirty-six-month results[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(1): 132-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.019.
27. Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr, et al. Randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(6): 1134-1146. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.032.
28. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group M. Evaluation of grid pattern photocoagulation for macular edema in central vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(10): 1425-1433. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30849-4.
29. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group N. A randomized clinical trial of early panretinal photocoagulation for ischemic central vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(10): 1434-1444. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30848-2.
30. The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1984, 98(3): 271-282. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(84)90316-7.
31. Mohamed Q, McIntosh RL, Saw SM, et al. Interventions for central retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review[J]. Ophthalmology, 2007, 114(3): 507-519. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.11.011.
32. McIntosh RL, Mohamed Q, Saw SM, et al. Interventions for branch retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review[J]. Ophthalmology, 2007, 114(5): 835-854. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.01.010.
33. Sangroongruangsri S, Ratanapakorn T, Wu O, et al. Comparative efficacy of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept for treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 2018, 11(9): 903-916. DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1507735.
34. Casselholm de Salles M, Amren U, Kvanta A, et al. Injection frequency of aflibercept versus ranibizumab in a treat-and-extend regimen for central retinal vein occlusion: a randomized clinical trial[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(7): 1370-1376. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002171.
35. Liu W, Li Y, Cao R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of conbercept with ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(21): e20222[2020-05-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481293/. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020222.
36. Massa H, Georgoudis P, Panos GD. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (OZURDEX®) for macular edema secondary to noninfectious uveitis: a review of the literature[J]. Ther Deliv, 2019, 10(6): 343-351. DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0024.
37. Regnier SA, Larsen M, Bezlyak V, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of approved treatments for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: a network meta-analysis[J/OL]. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(6): e007527[2015-06-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26048209/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007527.
38. 中华医学会眼科学分会青光眼学组. 中国新生血管性青光眼诊疗专家共识(2019年)[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.Glaucoma Group, Society of Ophthalmology, Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of neovascular glaucoma in China (2019)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Interpretation of Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China

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