Research progress of mast cells in non-allergic fundus diseases_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Long Jinyi ,  Long Da

Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China;

Corresponding author：

Long Da, Email: 7250013210@shsmu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Mast cells; Fundus diseases; Non-allergic; Ophthalmic diseases; Therapeutic strategies; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240417-00157

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Mast cell (MC) play a crucial role in non-allergic fundus diseases, including uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. MCs can profoundly influence the pathological processes of these diseases by regulating inflammatory responses, promoting angiogenesis, and facilitating tissue remodeling through the degranulation and release of mediators such as histamine, cytokines, and enzymes. The application of MC-associated inhibitors has been shown to effectively mitigate or inhibit the progression of these pathologies, offering a promising strategy for treating ocular diseases. Understanding the current state of MC research in fundus diseases will enhance our insight into their role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of these conditions and encourage further research aimed at providing more effective treatment options for patients.

Citation： Long Jinyi, Long Da. Research progress of mast cells in non-allergic fundus diseases. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2024, 40(9): 733-737. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240417-00157 Copy

1.	Song J, Huang YF, Zhang WJ, et al. Ocular diseases: immunological and molecular mechanisms[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2016, 9(5): 780-788. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.05.25.
2.	Bielory L. Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye. Part I: immunology of the eye[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2000, 106(5): 805-816. DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.111029.
3.	Kolkhir P, Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Metz M, et al. Understanding human mast cells: lesson from therapies for allergic and non-allergic diseases[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2022, 22(5): 294-308. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00622-y.
4.	Chia SL, Kapoor S, Carvalho C, et al. Mast cell ontogeny: from fetal development to life-long health and disease[J]. Immunol Rev, 2023, 315(1): 31-53. DOI: 10.1111/imr.13191.
5.	Smelser GK, Silver S. The distribution of mast cells in the normal eye. A method of study[J]. Exp Eye Res, 1963, 2: 134-140. DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4835(63)80005-6.
6.	Nguyen SMT, Rupprecht CP, Haque A, et al. Mechanisms governing anaphylaxis: inflammatory cells, mediators, endothelial gap junctions and beyond[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(15): 7785. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157785.
7.	Da Silva PS, Girol AP, Oliani SM. Mast cells modulate the inflammatory process in endotoxin-induced uveitis[J]. Mol Vis, 2011, 17: 1310-1319.
8.	Alves Jp, Da Silva Vf, Tencarte Sr, et al. Mast cells profiles and heterogeneity in lipopolysaccharide-induced uveitis model[J]. World J Adv Res Rev, 2019, 4(2): 75-81. DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2019.4.2.0089.
9.	Li Q, Peng Bo, Whitcup SM, et al. Endotoxin induced uveitis in the mouse: susceptibility and genetic control[J]. Exp Eye Res, 1995, 61(5): 629-632. DOI: 10.1016/S0014-4835(05)80056-9.
10.	Mochizuki M, Kuwabara T, Chan CC, et al. An association between susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis and choroidal mast cell numbers[J]. J Immunol, 1984, 133(4): 1699-1701. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.133.4.1699.
11.	Mochizuki M, Kuwabara T, Chan CC, 等. 大鼠的实验性自身免疫性葡萄膜视网膜炎的免疫致病机理[J]. 眼科学报, 1986, 2(4): 245-248.Mochizuki M, Kuwabara T, Chan CC, et al. Immunopathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats[J]. Eye Science, 1986, 2(4): 245-248.
12.	Lee RW, Nicholson LB, Sen HN, et al. Autoimmune and autoinflammatory mechanisms in uveitis[J]. Semin Immunopathol, 2014, 36(5): 581-594. DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0433-9.
13.	Sinniah A, Yazid S, Bena S, et al. Endogenous annexin-A1 negatively regulates mast cell-mediated allergic reactions[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2019, 10: 1313. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01313.
14.	Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy[J]. Lancet, 2010, 376(9735): 124-136. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62124-3.
15.	Hammdy N, Salam R, El GNA, et al. Mast cell a new player in type 2 diabetes[J]. EJEA, 2016, 1(1): 10. DOI: 10.1530/endoabs.41.EP476.
16.	Wang J, Shi GP. Mast cell stabilization: novel medication for obesity and diabetes[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2011, 27(8): 919-924. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1272.
17.	McHale C, Mohammed Z, Gomez G. Human skin-derived mast cells spontaneously secrete several angiogenesis-related factors[J]. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 1445. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01445.
18.	Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb YB, Varvara G, Murmura G, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), mast cells and inflammation[J]. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2013, 26(2): 327-335. DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600206.
19.	Matsuda K, Okamoto N, Kondo M, et al. Mast cell hyperactivity underpins the development of oxygen-induced retinopathy[J]. J Clin Invest, 2017, 127(11): 3987-4000. DOI: 10.1172/JCI89893.
20.	Bot I, Velden D, Bouwman M, et al. Local mast cell activation promotes neovascularization[J]. Cells, 2020, 9(3): 701. DOI: 10.3390/cells9030701.
21.	Arai R, Usui-Ouchi A, Ito Y, et al. Effects of secreted mast cell mediators on retinal pigment epithelial cells: focus on mast cell tryptase[J/OL]. Mediators Inflamm, 2017, 2017: 3124753[2017-06-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28751819/. DOI: 10.1155/2017/3124753.
22.	Somasundaram P, Ren G, Nagar H, et al. Mast cell tryptase may modulate endothelial cell phenotype in healing myocardial infarcts[J]. J Pathol, 2005, 205(1): 102-111. DOI: 10.1002/path.1690.
23.	Lopez R, Rand LI, Zetter BR. Absence of mast cells in diabetic retinopathy[J]. Microvasc Res, 1982, 24(1): 87-93. DOI: 10.1016/0026-2862(82)90045-0.
24.	Hsu CL, Neilsen CV, Bryce PJ. IL-33 is produced by mast cells and regulates IgE-dependent inflammation[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2010, 5(8): e11944[2010-08-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20689814/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011944.
25.	Grałek M, Fogel W, Chmielecki C. Does histamine participate in diabetic ocular complications?[J]. Klin Oczna, 1991, 93(12): 337-339.
26.	Lee BJ, Byeon HE, Cho CS, et al. Histamine causes an imbalance between pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in the retinal pigment epithelium of diabetic retina via H4 receptor/p38 MAPK axis[J/OL]. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2020, 8(2): e001710[2020-12-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33328159/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001710.
27.	Lim LS, Mitchell P, Seddon JM, et al. Age-related macular degeneration[J]. Lancet, 2012, 379(9827): 1728-1738. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60282-7.
28.	McMenamin PG, Polla E. Mast cells are present in the choroid of the normal eye in most vertebrate classes[J]. Vet Ophthalmol, 2013, 16(Suppl 1): 73-78. DOI: 10.1111/vop.12035.
29.	Bhutto IA, McLeod DS, Jing T, et al. Increased choroidal mast cells and their degranulation in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2016, 100(5): 720-726. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-308290.
30.	McLeod DS, Bhutto I, Edwards MM, et al. Mast cell-derived tryptase in geographic atrophy[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(13): 5887-5896. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22989.
31.	Goodman D, Ness S. The role of oxidative stress in the aging eye[J]. Life (Basel), 2023, 13(3): 837. DOI: 10.3390/life13030837.
32.	Bousquet E, Zhao M, Thillaye-Goldenberg B, et al. Choroidal mast cells in retinal pathology: a potential target for intervention[J]. Am J Pathol, 2015, 185(8): 2083-2095. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.002.
33.	Textor B, Licht AH, Tuckermann JP, et al. JunB is required for IgE-mediated degranulation and cytokine release of mast cells[J]. J Immunol, 2007, 179(10): 6873-6880. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6873.
34.	Lee YN, Tuckerman J, Nechushtan H, et al. C-Fos as a regulator of degranulation and cytokine production in FcepsilonRI-activated mast cells[J]. J Immunol, 2004, 173(4): 2571-2577. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2571.
35.	Abdel-Majid RM, Marshall JS. Prostaglandin E2 induces degranulation-independent production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human mast cells[J]. J Immunol, 2004, 172(2): 1227-1236. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1227.
36.	Resch H, Zawinka C, Lung S, et al. Effect of histamine and cimetidine on retinal and choroidal blood flow in humans[J]. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2005, 289(5): 1387-1391. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00335.2005.
37.	Jemima EA, Prema A, Thangam EB. Functional characterization of histamine H4 receptor on human mast cells[J]. Mol Immunol, 2014, 62(1): 19-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.05.007.
38.	Ijima R, Kaneko H, Ye F, et al. Suppression of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization by the oral medicine targeting histamine receptor H4 in mice[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2015, 4(2): 6. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.4.2.6.
39.	Kaneko H, Ye F, Ijima R, et al. Histamine H4 receptor as a new therapeutic target for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2014, 171(15): 3754-3763. DOI: 10.1111/bph.12737.
40.	Takeda A, Baffi JZ, Kleinman ME, et al. CCR3 is a target for age-related macular degeneration diagnosis and therapy[J]. Nature, 2009, 460(7252): 225-230. DOI: 10.1038/nature08151.
41.	Theodoropoulou S, Copland DA, Liu J, et al. Role of interleukin 33/ST2 axis in the immune-mediated pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration[J]. Lancet, 2015, 385(Suppl 1): S97. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60412-3.
42.	Mcharg S, Booth L, Perveen R, et al. Mast cell infiltration of the choroid and protease release are early events in age-related macular degeneration associated with genetic risk at both chromosomes 1q32 and 10q26[J/OL]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2022, 119(20): e2118510119[2022-05-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35561216/. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118510119.
43.	Leonardi A, Quintieri L. Olopatadine: a drug for allergic conjunctivitis targeting the mast cell[J]. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2010, 11(6): 969-981. DOI: 10.1517/14656561003694643.
44.	Ogura S, Baldeosingh R, Bhutto IA, et al. A role for mast cells in geographic atrophy[J]. FASEB J, 2020, 34(8): 10117-10131. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000807R.
45.	Nizawa T, Bhutto IA, Tiwari A, et al. Topical ketotifen fumarate inhibits choroidal mast cell degranulation and loss of retinal pigment epithelial cells in rat model for geographic atrophy[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2021, 10(14): 37. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.14.37.
46.	van Steensel L, Paridaens D, van Meurs M, et al. Orbit-infiltrating mast cells, monocytes, and macrophages produce PDGF isoforms that orchestrate orbital fibroblast activation in Graves’ ophthalmopathy[J/OL]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(3): E400-408[2012-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22238384/. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2697.
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1. Song J, Huang YF, Zhang WJ, et al. Ocular diseases: immunological and molecular mechanisms[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2016, 9(5): 780-788. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.05.25.
2. Bielory L. Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye. Part I: immunology of the eye[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2000, 106(5): 805-816. DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.111029.
3. Kolkhir P, Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Metz M, et al. Understanding human mast cells: lesson from therapies for allergic and non-allergic diseases[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2022, 22(5): 294-308. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00622-y.
4. Chia SL, Kapoor S, Carvalho C, et al. Mast cell ontogeny: from fetal development to life-long health and disease[J]. Immunol Rev, 2023, 315(1): 31-53. DOI: 10.1111/imr.13191.
5. Smelser GK, Silver S. The distribution of mast cells in the normal eye. A method of study[J]. Exp Eye Res, 1963, 2: 134-140. DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4835(63)80005-6.
6. Nguyen SMT, Rupprecht CP, Haque A, et al. Mechanisms governing anaphylaxis: inflammatory cells, mediators, endothelial gap junctions and beyond[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(15): 7785. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157785.
7. Da Silva PS, Girol AP, Oliani SM. Mast cells modulate the inflammatory process in endotoxin-induced uveitis[J]. Mol Vis, 2011, 17: 1310-1319.
8. Alves Jp, Da Silva Vf, Tencarte Sr, et al. Mast cells profiles and heterogeneity in lipopolysaccharide-induced uveitis model[J]. World J Adv Res Rev, 2019, 4(2): 75-81. DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2019.4.2.0089.
9. Li Q, Peng Bo, Whitcup SM, et al. Endotoxin induced uveitis in the mouse: susceptibility and genetic control[J]. Exp Eye Res, 1995, 61(5): 629-632. DOI: 10.1016/S0014-4835(05)80056-9.
10. Mochizuki M, Kuwabara T, Chan CC, et al. An association between susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis and choroidal mast cell numbers[J]. J Immunol, 1984, 133(4): 1699-1701. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.133.4.1699.
11. Mochizuki M, Kuwabara T, Chan CC, 等. 大鼠的实验性自身免疫性葡萄膜视网膜炎的免疫致病机理[J]. 眼科学报, 1986, 2(4): 245-248.Mochizuki M, Kuwabara T, Chan CC, et al. Immunopathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats[J]. Eye Science, 1986, 2(4): 245-248.
12. Lee RW, Nicholson LB, Sen HN, et al. Autoimmune and autoinflammatory mechanisms in uveitis[J]. Semin Immunopathol, 2014, 36(5): 581-594. DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0433-9.
13. Sinniah A, Yazid S, Bena S, et al. Endogenous annexin-A1 negatively regulates mast cell-mediated allergic reactions[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2019, 10: 1313. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01313.
14. Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy[J]. Lancet, 2010, 376(9735): 124-136. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62124-3.
15. Hammdy N, Salam R, El GNA, et al. Mast cell a new player in type 2 diabetes[J]. EJEA, 2016, 1(1): 10. DOI: 10.1530/endoabs.41.EP476.
16. Wang J, Shi GP. Mast cell stabilization: novel medication for obesity and diabetes[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2011, 27(8): 919-924. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1272.
17. McHale C, Mohammed Z, Gomez G. Human skin-derived mast cells spontaneously secrete several angiogenesis-related factors[J]. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 1445. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01445.
18. Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb YB, Varvara G, Murmura G, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), mast cells and inflammation[J]. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2013, 26(2): 327-335. DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600206.
19. Matsuda K, Okamoto N, Kondo M, et al. Mast cell hyperactivity underpins the development of oxygen-induced retinopathy[J]. J Clin Invest, 2017, 127(11): 3987-4000. DOI: 10.1172/JCI89893.
20. Bot I, Velden D, Bouwman M, et al. Local mast cell activation promotes neovascularization[J]. Cells, 2020, 9(3): 701. DOI: 10.3390/cells9030701.
21. Arai R, Usui-Ouchi A, Ito Y, et al. Effects of secreted mast cell mediators on retinal pigment epithelial cells: focus on mast cell tryptase[J/OL]. Mediators Inflamm, 2017, 2017: 3124753[2017-06-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28751819/. DOI: 10.1155/2017/3124753.
22. Somasundaram P, Ren G, Nagar H, et al. Mast cell tryptase may modulate endothelial cell phenotype in healing myocardial infarcts[J]. J Pathol, 2005, 205(1): 102-111. DOI: 10.1002/path.1690.
23. Lopez R, Rand LI, Zetter BR. Absence of mast cells in diabetic retinopathy[J]. Microvasc Res, 1982, 24(1): 87-93. DOI: 10.1016/0026-2862(82)90045-0.
24. Hsu CL, Neilsen CV, Bryce PJ. IL-33 is produced by mast cells and regulates IgE-dependent inflammation[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2010, 5(8): e11944[2010-08-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20689814/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011944.
25. Grałek M, Fogel W, Chmielecki C. Does histamine participate in diabetic ocular complications?[J]. Klin Oczna, 1991, 93(12): 337-339.
26. Lee BJ, Byeon HE, Cho CS, et al. Histamine causes an imbalance between pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in the retinal pigment epithelium of diabetic retina via H4 receptor/p38 MAPK axis[J/OL]. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care, 2020, 8(2): e001710[2020-12-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33328159/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001710.
27. Lim LS, Mitchell P, Seddon JM, et al. Age-related macular degeneration[J]. Lancet, 2012, 379(9827): 1728-1738. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60282-7.
28. McMenamin PG, Polla E. Mast cells are present in the choroid of the normal eye in most vertebrate classes[J]. Vet Ophthalmol, 2013, 16(Suppl 1): 73-78. DOI: 10.1111/vop.12035.
29. Bhutto IA, McLeod DS, Jing T, et al. Increased choroidal mast cells and their degranulation in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2016, 100(5): 720-726. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-308290.
30. McLeod DS, Bhutto I, Edwards MM, et al. Mast cell-derived tryptase in geographic atrophy[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(13): 5887-5896. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22989.
31. Goodman D, Ness S. The role of oxidative stress in the aging eye[J]. Life (Basel), 2023, 13(3): 837. DOI: 10.3390/life13030837.
32. Bousquet E, Zhao M, Thillaye-Goldenberg B, et al. Choroidal mast cells in retinal pathology: a potential target for intervention[J]. Am J Pathol, 2015, 185(8): 2083-2095. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.002.
33. Textor B, Licht AH, Tuckermann JP, et al. JunB is required for IgE-mediated degranulation and cytokine release of mast cells[J]. J Immunol, 2007, 179(10): 6873-6880. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6873.
34. Lee YN, Tuckerman J, Nechushtan H, et al. C-Fos as a regulator of degranulation and cytokine production in FcepsilonRI-activated mast cells[J]. J Immunol, 2004, 173(4): 2571-2577. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2571.
35. Abdel-Majid RM, Marshall JS. Prostaglandin E2 induces degranulation-independent production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human mast cells[J]. J Immunol, 2004, 172(2): 1227-1236. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1227.
36. Resch H, Zawinka C, Lung S, et al. Effect of histamine and cimetidine on retinal and choroidal blood flow in humans[J]. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2005, 289(5): 1387-1391. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00335.2005.
37. Jemima EA, Prema A, Thangam EB. Functional characterization of histamine H4 receptor on human mast cells[J]. Mol Immunol, 2014, 62(1): 19-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.05.007.
38. Ijima R, Kaneko H, Ye F, et al. Suppression of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization by the oral medicine targeting histamine receptor H4 in mice[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2015, 4(2): 6. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.4.2.6.
39. Kaneko H, Ye F, Ijima R, et al. Histamine H4 receptor as a new therapeutic target for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2014, 171(15): 3754-3763. DOI: 10.1111/bph.12737.
40. Takeda A, Baffi JZ, Kleinman ME, et al. CCR3 is a target for age-related macular degeneration diagnosis and therapy[J]. Nature, 2009, 460(7252): 225-230. DOI: 10.1038/nature08151.
41. Theodoropoulou S, Copland DA, Liu J, et al. Role of interleukin 33/ST2 axis in the immune-mediated pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration[J]. Lancet, 2015, 385(Suppl 1): S97. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60412-3.
42. Mcharg S, Booth L, Perveen R, et al. Mast cell infiltration of the choroid and protease release are early events in age-related macular degeneration associated with genetic risk at both chromosomes 1q32 and 10q26[J/OL]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2022, 119(20): e2118510119[2022-05-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35561216/. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118510119.
43. Leonardi A, Quintieri L. Olopatadine: a drug for allergic conjunctivitis targeting the mast cell[J]. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2010, 11(6): 969-981. DOI: 10.1517/14656561003694643.
44. Ogura S, Baldeosingh R, Bhutto IA, et al. A role for mast cells in geographic atrophy[J]. FASEB J, 2020, 34(8): 10117-10131. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000807R.
45. Nizawa T, Bhutto IA, Tiwari A, et al. Topical ketotifen fumarate inhibits choroidal mast cell degranulation and loss of retinal pigment epithelial cells in rat model for geographic atrophy[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2021, 10(14): 37. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.14.37.
46. van Steensel L, Paridaens D, van Meurs M, et al. Orbit-infiltrating mast cells, monocytes, and macrophages produce PDGF isoforms that orchestrate orbital fibroblast activation in Graves’ ophthalmopathy[J/OL]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97(3): E400-408[2012-01-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22238384/. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2697.
47. 鲁桂兰, 吴中耀, 李永平, 等. 肥大细胞对眼眶成纤维细胞生长的影响[J]. 中国临床解剖学杂志, 2004, 22(3): 294-296. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-165X.2004.03.022.Lu GL, Wu ZY, Li YP, et al. Effects of mast cells on proliferation of orbital fibroblasts[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Anatomy, 2004, 22(3): 294-296. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-165X.2004.03.022.
48. Zdor VV, Geltser BI, Eliseikina MG, et al. Roles of thyroid hormones, mast cells, and inflammatory mediators in the initiation and progression of autoimmune thyroid diseases[J]. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2020, 181(9): 715-726. DOI: 10.1159/000508937.
49. Zhang X, Liu W, Zhang Z, et al. Analysis of macular blood flow changes in thyroid associated ophthalmopathy[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2022, 22(1): 501. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02716-0.
50. Chieffi Baccari G, Falvo S, Lanni A, et al. Mast cell population and histamine content in hypothyroid rat tissues[J]. Animals (Basel), 2022, 12(14): 1840. DOI: 10.3390/ani12141840.
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Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Research progress of mast cells in non-allergic fundus diseases

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