Research progress of pachychoroid spectrum disorders_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Zhou Xianhui ^1,2 , Peng Jiaxin ^1,2 , Deng Wenqian ^1,2 ,  Yu Juan ¹

1. Department of ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410000, China;
2. Graduate school, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410000, China;

Corresponding author：

Yu Juan, Email: 310404@hnucm.edu.cn

Keywords：

Pachychoroid spectrum disorders; choroid; Imageology; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240417-00167

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

The pachychoroid spectrum disorders (PSD) refers to a group of clinical disorders characterized by common features of pathological choroidal thickening and potential pathogenic mechanisms. The pathological mechanism of PSD is very complex, and the theory of venous overload provides valuable research directions. The multimodal imaging technology represented by optical coherence tomography angiography has continuously evolved to provide clear and three-dimensional images of the fundus, making it easier to diagnose and monitor PSD at an early stage. There is no unified consensus on how to develop a treatment plan for PSD, and current research has shown that feasible treatments include drug therapy, laser photocoagulation therapy, and photodynamic therapy. However, the evidence of effectiveness and safety provided by these studies is still not sufficient. Surgery and integrative Chinese and Western medicine may provide new prospects for the treatment of PSD. In the future, it is necessary to further develop reasonable research programs, expand the sample size, strengthen follow-up observation, and provide more safe and effective treatment programs for patients.

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1. Warrow DJ, Hoang QV, Freund KB. Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(8): 1659-1672. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182953df4.
2. Akkaya S. Spectrum of pachychoroid diseases[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2018, 38(5): 2239-2246. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0666-4.
3. Cheung CMG, Lee WK, Koizumi H, et al. Pachychoroid disease[J]. Eye (Lond), 2019, 33(1): 14-33. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0158-4.
4. Kido A, Miyake M, Tamura H, et al. Incidence of central serous chorioretinopathy (2011-2018): a nationwide population-based cohort study of Japan[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2022, 106(12): 1748-1753. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319403.
5. Mehta PH, Chhablani J, Wang J, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy in african americans at wilmer eye institute[J]. J Natl Med Assoc, 2018, 110(3): 297-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.06.012.
6. Li Y, You QS, Wei WB, et al. Prevalence and associations of central serous chorioretinopathy in elderly Chinese. The Beijing Eye Study 2011[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2016, 94(4): 386-390. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12891.
7. Li Y, You QS, Wei WB, et al. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in adult chinese: the Beijing Eye Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(11): 2290-2291. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.06.016.
8. Zhang W, Kaser-Eichberger A, Fan W, et al. The structure and function of the human choroid[J/OL] Ann Anat, 2024, 254: 152239[2024-03-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38432349/. DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152239.
9. Wei WB, Xu L, Jonas JB, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness: the Beijing Eye Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2013, 120(1): 175-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.07.048.
10. Prousali E, Dastiridou A, Ziakas N, et al. Choroidal thickness and ocular growth in childhood[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2021, 66(2): 261-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.06.008.
11. Nickla DL. The phase relationships between the diurnal rhythms in axial length and choroidal thickness and the association with ocular growth rate in chicks[J]. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol, 2006, 192(4): 399-407. DOI: 10.1007/s00359-005-0077-2.
12. Lehmann M, Bousquet E, Beydoun T, et al. Pachychoroid: an inherited condition?[J]. Retina, 2015, 35(1): 10-16. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000287.
13. Nickla DL, Wallman J. The multifunctional choroid[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2010, 29(2): 144-168. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002.
14. Spaide RF, Gemmy Cheung CM, Matsumoto H, et al. Venous overload choroidopathy: a hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied disorders[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2022, 86: 100973[2021-05-21]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34029721/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100973.
15. Matsumoto H, Kishi S, Mukai R, et al. Remodeling of macular vortex veins in pachychoroid neovasculopathy[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 14689[2019-10-11]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31605004/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51268-9.
16. Funatsu R, Sonoda S, Terasaki H, et al. Vortex veins in eyes with pachychoroid spectrum disorders evaluated by the adjusted reverse 3-dimensional projection model[J/OL]. Ophthalmol Sci, 2023, 3(4): 100320[2023-04-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37274011/. DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100320.
17. Brinks J, van Dijk EHC, Meijer OC, et al. Choroidal arteriovenous anastomoses: a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy and other pachychoroid disease spectrum abnormalities[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2022, 100(8): 946-959. DOI: 10.1111/aos.15112.
18. Hosoda Y, Yoshikawa M, Miyake M, et al. CFH and VIPR2 as susceptibility loci in choroidal thickness and pachychoroid disease central serous chorioretinopathy[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2018, 115(24): 6261-6266. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802212115.
19. Chen ZJ, Ng DS, Ho M, et al. Genetic associations of central serous chorioretinopathy subtypes, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy[J/OL]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2024, 13(1): 100003[2023-11-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38383077/. DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2023.100003.
20. Mori Y, Miyake M, Hosoda Y, et al. Genome-wide survival analysis for macular neovascularization development in central serous chorioretinopathy revealed shared genetic susceptibility with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy[J]. Ophthalmology, 2022, 129(9): 1034-1042. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.04.018.
21. Ge G, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Corticosteroids usage and central serous chorioretinopathy: a meta-analysis[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2020, 258(1): 71-77. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04486-w.
22. Jampol LM, Weinreb R, Yannuzzi L. Involvement of corticosteroids and catecholamines in the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy: a rationale for new treatment strategies[J]. Ophthalmology, 2002, 109(10): 1765-1766. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(02)01303-9.
23. Michael JC, Pak J, Pulido J, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy associated with administration of sympathomimetic agents[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2003, 136(1): 182-185. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(03)00076-x.
24. Chatziralli I, Kabanarou SA, Parikakis E, et al. Risk factors for central serous chorioretinopathy: multivariate approach in a case-control study[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2017, 42(7): 1069-1073. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1276196.
25. Mukherji S, Karmakar S, Dasgupta S. Association of central serous chorioretinopathy with type of personality, anxiety and depression[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2024, 72(Suppl 1): S60-65. DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1180_23.
26. Brinks J, van Haalen FM, van Rijssen TJ, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathy in active endogenous cushing's syndrome[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 2748[2021-02-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33531597/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82536-2.
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