Research progress in the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Wang Zixun , Zhao Cece , Wei Gaoxu ,  Li Zhiqing

Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China;

Corresponding author：

Li Zhiqing, Email: drzhiqing_li@163.com

Keywords：

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension; Therapeutic progress; Neuro-ophthalmology; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240819-00320

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Idiopathic cranial hypertension (IIH) is a neurological disorder that causes an unexplained increase in intracranial pressure. Its symptoms are chronic headache and visual impairment with typical unilateral or bilateral disk edema. The diagnostic procedure is mainly based on the exclusion of diagnostic thinking, which requires the imaging examination of the whole body and nervous system. Current treatment strategies for IIH include a combination of weight loss, medication, and surgery to reduce intracranial pressure and relieve associated symptoms, maximize visual function preservation, and improve prognosis. In the future, it is necessary to further improve the diagnostic process and criteria of IIH, guide personalized treatment and prognosis judgment, and effectively use artificial intelligence segmentation and combined imaging omics technology to improve the intelligent diagnosis rate of the disease.

1.	Markey KA, Mollan SP, Jensen RH, et al. Understanding idiopathic intracranial hypertension: mechanisms, management, and future directions[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(1): 78-91. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00298-7.
2.	Ramsay N, McKee J, Al-Ani G, et al. How do i manage functional visual loss[J]. Eye (Lond), 2024, 38(12): 2257-2266. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03126-w.
3.	Hardy RS, Botfield H, Markey K, et al. 11βHSD1 Inhibition with AZD4017 improves lipid profiles and lean muscle mass in idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2021, 106(1): 174-187. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa766.
4.	Potter O, Menon V, Mollan SP. Risk factors and disease associations in people living with idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Expert Rev Neurother, 2024, 24(7): 681-689. DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2359420.
5.	McGeeney BE, Friedman DI. Pseudotumor cerebri pathophysiology[J]. Headache, 2014, 54(3): 445-458. DOI: 10.1111/head.12291.
6.	Hamedani AG, Thibault DP, Revere KE, et al. Trends in the surgical treatment of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome in the United States[J/OL]. JAMA Netw Open, 2020, 3(12): e2029669[2020-12-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33320265/. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29669.
7.	Johnston M, Zakharov A, Papaiconomou C, et al. Evidence of connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatic vessels in humans, non-human primates and other mammalian species[J]. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res, 2004, 1(1): 2. DOI: 10.1186/1743-8454-1-2.
8.	Markey KA, Uldall M, Botfield H, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, hormones, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases[J]. J Pain Res, 2016, 9: 223-232. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S80824.
9.	Thaller M, Mytton J, Wakerley BR, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: evaluation of births and fertility through the hospital episode statistics dataset[J]. BJOG, 2022, 129(12): 2019-2027. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17241.
10.	Farb RI, Vanek I, Scott JN, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the prevalence and morphology of sinovenous stenosis[J]. Neurology, 2003, 60(9): 1418-1424. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000066683.34093.e2.
11.	Kato S, Hagiwara A, Yokoyama K, et al. Microstructural white matter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: evaluation by advanced diffusion imaging[J/OL]. J Neurol Sci, 2022, 436: 120205[2022-05-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35259556/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120205.
12.	Prem Senthil M, Anand S, Chakraborty R, et al. Exploring the utility of retinal optical coherence tomography as a biomarker for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review[J]. J Neurol, 2024, 271(8): 4769-4793. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12481-3.
13.	Srija YN, Pattnaik L, Mishra S, et al. An optical coherence study on optic disc parameters and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with optic disc edema[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2024, 72(Suppl 1): S96-S100. DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_774_23.
14.	Skau M, Sander B, Milea D, et al. Disease activity in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a 3-month follow-up study[J]. J Neurol, 2011, 258(2): 277-283. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5750-x.
15.	Rehman O, Ichhpujani P, Kumar S, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and visual function in North Indian population[J/OL]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 29: 11206721211006566[2021-03-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33781109/. DOI: 10.1177/11206721211006566.
16.	Pahuja A, Dhiman R, Aggarwal V, et al. Evaluation of peripapillary and macular optical coherence tomography angiography characteristics in different stages of papilledema[J]. J Neuroophthalmol, 2024, 44(1): 53-60. DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001908.
17.	Panyala R, Sharma P, Sihota R, et al. Role of spectral domain optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and prognosis of papilledema[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2021, 69(9): 2372-2377. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_3269_20.
18.	Dreesbach M, Joachimsen L, Küchlin S, et al. Optic nerve head volumetry by optical coherence tomography in papilledema related to idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2020, 9(3): 24. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.3.24.
19.	Eren Y, Kabatas N, Guven H, et al. Evaluation of optic nerve head changes with optic coherence tomography in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Acta Neurol Belg, 2019, 119(3): 351-357. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-018-1000-2.
20.	Pasaoglu I, Satana B, Altan C, et al. Lamina cribrosa surface position in idiopathic intracranial hypertension with swept-source optical coherence tomography[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(7): 1085-1088. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1736_18.
21.	Yalcinkaya Cakir G, Solmaz B, Cakir I, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in optic disc drusen and idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2024, 34(2): 566-573. DOI: 10.1177/11206721231187664.
22.	Fard MA, Sahraiyan A, Jalili J, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in papilledema compared with pseudopapilledema[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2019, 60(1): 168-175. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25453.
23.	Wang H, Cao L, Kwapong WR, et al. Optic nerve head changes measured by swept source optical coherence tomography and angiography in patients with intracranial hypertension[J]. Ophthalmol Ther, 2023, 12(6): 3295-3305. DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00822-w.
24.	Janitschke D, Stögbauer J, Lattanzi S, et al. B-mode transorbital ultrasonography for the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Neurol Sci, 2023, 44(12): 4313-4322. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07016-z.
25.	Geeraerts T, Newcombe VF, Coles JP, et al. Use of T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve sheath to detect raised intracranial pressure[J]. Crit Care, 2008, 12(5): 114. DOI: 10.1186/cc7006.
26.	Hayreh SS. Pathogenesis of oedema of the optic disc (Papilledema). A preliminary report[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1964, 48(10): 522-543. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.48.10.522.
27.	Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Systematic review and meta-analysis of MRI signs for diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2019, 116: 106-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.04.023.
28.	Meng R, Dornbos D 3rd, Meng L, et al. Clinical differences between acute CVST and non-thrombotic CVSS[J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2012, 114(9): 1257-1262. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.03.036.
29.	Markey K, Hutchcroft C, Emsley H. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: expanding our understanding.[J]. Curr Opin Neurol, 2023, 36(6): 622-630. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001209.
30.	Hoffmann J, Kreutz KM, Csapó-Schmidt C, et al. The effect of CSF drain on the optic nerve in idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. J Headache Pain, 2019, 20(1): 59. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-1004-1.
31.	Sarica A, Curcio M, Rapisarda L, et al. Periventricular white matter changes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 2019, 6(2): 233-242. DOI: 10.1002/acn3.685.
32.	Ma C, Zhu H, Liang S, et al. Prediction of venous trans-stenotic pressure gradient using shape features derived from magnetic resonance venography in idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients[J]. Korean J Radiol, 2024, 25(1): 74-85. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0911.
33.	Yiangou A, Mollan SP, Sinclair AJ. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a step change in understanding the disease mechanisms[J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2023, 19(12): 769-785. DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00893-0.
34.	Nicholson P, Brinjikji W, Radovanovic I, et al. Venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Neurointerv Surg, 2019, 11(4): 380-385. DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014172.
35.	Mollan SP, Mitchell JL, Ottridge RS, et al. Effectiveness of bariatric surgery vs community weight management intervention for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2021, 78(6): 678-686. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1617.
36.	Astrup A, Rössner S, Van Gaal L, et al. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study[J]. Lancet, 2009, 374(9701): 1606-1616. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61375-1.
37.	NORDIC Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Study Group Writing Committee, Wall M, McDermott MP, et al. Effect of acetazolamide on visual function in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and mild visual loss: the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial[J]. JAMA, 2014, 311(16): 1641-1651. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.3312.
38.	Colman BD, Boonstra F, Nguyen MN, et al. Understanding the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): a review of recent developments[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2024, 95(4): 375-383. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-332222.
39.	Andersen A, Lund A, Knop FK, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 in health and disease[J]. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2018, 14(7): 390-403. DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0016-2.
40.	Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al. Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 4 randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2021, 325(14): 1414-1425. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3224.
41.	Krajnc N, Itariu B, Macher S, et al. Treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists is associated with significant weight loss and favorable headache outcomes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. J Headache Pain, 2023, 24(1): 89. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01631-z.
42.	Markey K, Mitchell J, Botfield H, et al. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a double-blind randomized controlled trial[J/OL]. Brain Commun, 2020, 2(1): fcz050[2020-08-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32954315/. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa108.
43.	Halloum W, Dughem YA, Beier D, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for headache and pain disorders: a systematic review[J]. J Headache Pain, 2024, 25(1): 112. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01821-3.
44.	Mollan SP, Grech O, Sinclair AJ. Headache attributed to idiopathic intracranial hypertension and persistent post-idiopathic intracranial hypertension headache: a narrative review[J]. Headache, 2021, 61(6): 808-816. DOI: 10.1111/head.14125.
45.	Hyder YF, Homer V, Thaller M, et al. Defining the phenotype and prognosis of people with idiopathic intracranial hypertension after cerebrospinal fluid diversion surgery[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2023, 250: 70-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.01.016.
46.	Kalyvas A, Neromyliotis E, Koutsarnakis C, et al. A systematic review of surgical treatments of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)[J]. Neurosurg Rev, 2021, 44(2): 773-792. DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01288-1.
47.	Corecha Santos R, Gupta B, Santiago RB, et al. Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve sheath decompression (EONSD) for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: technical details and meta-analysis[J/OL]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2023, 229: 107750[2023-04-30]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37146367/. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107750.
48.	Hagen SM, Wegener M, Toft PB, et al. Unilateral optic nerve sheath fenestration in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a 6-month follow-up study on visual outcome and prognostic markers[J]. Life (Basel), 2021, 11(8): 778. DOI: 10.3390/life11080778.
49.	Higgins JN, Owler BK, Cousins C, et al. Venous sinus stenting for refractory benign intracranial hypertension[J]. Lancet, 2002, 359(9302): 228-230. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07440-8.

1. Markey KA, Mollan SP, Jensen RH, et al. Understanding idiopathic intracranial hypertension: mechanisms, management, and future directions[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(1): 78-91. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00298-7.
2. Ramsay N, McKee J, Al-Ani G, et al. How do i manage functional visual loss[J]. Eye (Lond), 2024, 38(12): 2257-2266. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03126-w.
3. Hardy RS, Botfield H, Markey K, et al. 11βHSD1 Inhibition with AZD4017 improves lipid profiles and lean muscle mass in idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2021, 106(1): 174-187. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa766.
4. Potter O, Menon V, Mollan SP. Risk factors and disease associations in people living with idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Expert Rev Neurother, 2024, 24(7): 681-689. DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2359420.
5. McGeeney BE, Friedman DI. Pseudotumor cerebri pathophysiology[J]. Headache, 2014, 54(3): 445-458. DOI: 10.1111/head.12291.
6. Hamedani AG, Thibault DP, Revere KE, et al. Trends in the surgical treatment of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome in the United States[J/OL]. JAMA Netw Open, 2020, 3(12): e2029669[2020-12-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33320265/. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29669.
7. Johnston M, Zakharov A, Papaiconomou C, et al. Evidence of connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatic vessels in humans, non-human primates and other mammalian species[J]. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res, 2004, 1(1): 2. DOI: 10.1186/1743-8454-1-2.
8. Markey KA, Uldall M, Botfield H, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, hormones, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases[J]. J Pain Res, 2016, 9: 223-232. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S80824.
9. Thaller M, Mytton J, Wakerley BR, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: evaluation of births and fertility through the hospital episode statistics dataset[J]. BJOG, 2022, 129(12): 2019-2027. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17241.
10. Farb RI, Vanek I, Scott JN, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the prevalence and morphology of sinovenous stenosis[J]. Neurology, 2003, 60(9): 1418-1424. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000066683.34093.e2.
11. Kato S, Hagiwara A, Yokoyama K, et al. Microstructural white matter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: evaluation by advanced diffusion imaging[J/OL]. J Neurol Sci, 2022, 436: 120205[2022-05-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35259556/. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120205.
12. Prem Senthil M, Anand S, Chakraborty R, et al. Exploring the utility of retinal optical coherence tomography as a biomarker for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review[J]. J Neurol, 2024, 271(8): 4769-4793. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12481-3.
13. Srija YN, Pattnaik L, Mishra S, et al. An optical coherence study on optic disc parameters and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with optic disc edema[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2024, 72(Suppl 1): S96-S100. DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_774_23.
14. Skau M, Sander B, Milea D, et al. Disease activity in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a 3-month follow-up study[J]. J Neurol, 2011, 258(2): 277-283. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5750-x.
15. Rehman O, Ichhpujani P, Kumar S, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and visual function in North Indian population[J/OL]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 29: 11206721211006566[2021-03-29]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33781109/. DOI: 10.1177/11206721211006566.
16. Pahuja A, Dhiman R, Aggarwal V, et al. Evaluation of peripapillary and macular optical coherence tomography angiography characteristics in different stages of papilledema[J]. J Neuroophthalmol, 2024, 44(1): 53-60. DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001908.
17. Panyala R, Sharma P, Sihota R, et al. Role of spectral domain optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and prognosis of papilledema[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2021, 69(9): 2372-2377. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_3269_20.
18. Dreesbach M, Joachimsen L, Küchlin S, et al. Optic nerve head volumetry by optical coherence tomography in papilledema related to idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2020, 9(3): 24. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.3.24.
19. Eren Y, Kabatas N, Guven H, et al. Evaluation of optic nerve head changes with optic coherence tomography in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Acta Neurol Belg, 2019, 119(3): 351-357. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-018-1000-2.
20. Pasaoglu I, Satana B, Altan C, et al. Lamina cribrosa surface position in idiopathic intracranial hypertension with swept-source optical coherence tomography[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2019, 67(7): 1085-1088. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1736_18.
21. Yalcinkaya Cakir G, Solmaz B, Cakir I, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in optic disc drusen and idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2024, 34(2): 566-573. DOI: 10.1177/11206721231187664.
22. Fard MA, Sahraiyan A, Jalili J, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in papilledema compared with pseudopapilledema[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2019, 60(1): 168-175. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25453.
23. Wang H, Cao L, Kwapong WR, et al. Optic nerve head changes measured by swept source optical coherence tomography and angiography in patients with intracranial hypertension[J]. Ophthalmol Ther, 2023, 12(6): 3295-3305. DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00822-w.
24. Janitschke D, Stögbauer J, Lattanzi S, et al. B-mode transorbital ultrasonography for the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Neurol Sci, 2023, 44(12): 4313-4322. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07016-z.
25. Geeraerts T, Newcombe VF, Coles JP, et al. Use of T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve sheath to detect raised intracranial pressure[J]. Crit Care, 2008, 12(5): 114. DOI: 10.1186/cc7006.
26. Hayreh SS. Pathogenesis of oedema of the optic disc (Papilledema). A preliminary report[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 1964, 48(10): 522-543. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.48.10.522.
27. Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Systematic review and meta-analysis of MRI signs for diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2019, 116: 106-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.04.023.
28. Meng R, Dornbos D 3rd, Meng L, et al. Clinical differences between acute CVST and non-thrombotic CVSS[J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2012, 114(9): 1257-1262. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.03.036.
29. Markey K, Hutchcroft C, Emsley H. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: expanding our understanding.[J]. Curr Opin Neurol, 2023, 36(6): 622-630. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000001209.
30. Hoffmann J, Kreutz KM, Csapó-Schmidt C, et al. The effect of CSF drain on the optic nerve in idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. J Headache Pain, 2019, 20(1): 59. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-1004-1.
31. Sarica A, Curcio M, Rapisarda L, et al. Periventricular white matter changes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 2019, 6(2): 233-242. DOI: 10.1002/acn3.685.
32. Ma C, Zhu H, Liang S, et al. Prediction of venous trans-stenotic pressure gradient using shape features derived from magnetic resonance venography in idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients[J]. Korean J Radiol, 2024, 25(1): 74-85. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0911.
33. Yiangou A, Mollan SP, Sinclair AJ. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a step change in understanding the disease mechanisms[J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2023, 19(12): 769-785. DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00893-0.
34. Nicholson P, Brinjikji W, Radovanovic I, et al. Venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Neurointerv Surg, 2019, 11(4): 380-385. DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014172.
35. Mollan SP, Mitchell JL, Ottridge RS, et al. Effectiveness of bariatric surgery vs community weight management intervention for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Neurol, 2021, 78(6): 678-686. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1617.
36. Astrup A, Rössner S, Van Gaal L, et al. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study[J]. Lancet, 2009, 374(9701): 1606-1616. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61375-1.
37. NORDIC Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Study Group Writing Committee, Wall M, McDermott MP, et al. Effect of acetazolamide on visual function in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and mild visual loss: the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial[J]. JAMA, 2014, 311(16): 1641-1651. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.3312.
38. Colman BD, Boonstra F, Nguyen MN, et al. Understanding the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): a review of recent developments[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2024, 95(4): 375-383. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-332222.
39. Andersen A, Lund A, Knop FK, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 in health and disease[J]. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2018, 14(7): 390-403. DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0016-2.
40. Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al. Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 4 randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2021, 325(14): 1414-1425. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3224.
41. Krajnc N, Itariu B, Macher S, et al. Treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists is associated with significant weight loss and favorable headache outcomes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension[J]. J Headache Pain, 2023, 24(1): 89. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01631-z.
42. Markey K, Mitchell J, Botfield H, et al. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a double-blind randomized controlled trial[J/OL]. Brain Commun, 2020, 2(1): fcz050[2020-08-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32954315/. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa108.
43. Halloum W, Dughem YA, Beier D, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for headache and pain disorders: a systematic review[J]. J Headache Pain, 2024, 25(1): 112. DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01821-3.
44. Mollan SP, Grech O, Sinclair AJ. Headache attributed to idiopathic intracranial hypertension and persistent post-idiopathic intracranial hypertension headache: a narrative review[J]. Headache, 2021, 61(6): 808-816. DOI: 10.1111/head.14125.
45. Hyder YF, Homer V, Thaller M, et al. Defining the phenotype and prognosis of people with idiopathic intracranial hypertension after cerebrospinal fluid diversion surgery[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2023, 250: 70-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.01.016.
46. Kalyvas A, Neromyliotis E, Koutsarnakis C, et al. A systematic review of surgical treatments of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)[J]. Neurosurg Rev, 2021, 44(2): 773-792. DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01288-1.
47. Corecha Santos R, Gupta B, Santiago RB, et al. Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve sheath decompression (EONSD) for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: technical details and meta-analysis[J/OL]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2023, 229: 107750[2023-04-30]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37146367/. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107750.
48. Hagen SM, Wegener M, Toft PB, et al. Unilateral optic nerve sheath fenestration in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a 6-month follow-up study on visual outcome and prognostic markers[J]. Life (Basel), 2021, 11(8): 778. DOI: 10.3390/life11080778.
49. Higgins JN, Owler BK, Cousins C, et al. Venous sinus stenting for refractory benign intracranial hypertension[J]. Lancet, 2002, 359(9302): 228-230. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07440-8.

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