糖尿病黄斑水肿治疗研究现状与进展_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

范围 , 邹欢 ,  袁容娣

400037 重庆, 第三军医大学新桥医院眼科;

Corresponding author：

袁容娣, Email: yuanrongdi@126.com

Keywords：

黄斑水肿/药物疗法; 激光凝固术; 糖尿病, 2型/并发症; 综述

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2015.02.027

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

糖尿病黄斑水肿(DME)是指位于黄斑中心一个视盘直径范围内的视网膜增厚, 可损害患者视力。除了严格控制血糖、血压、血脂对预防和治疗DME至关重要之外, 抗血管内皮生长因子药物以及糖皮质激素治疗、激光光凝、玻璃体切割手术是目前DME治疗的主要方法。加强治疗手段选择的针对性、优化治疗方案、减少副作用和并发症是DME治疗研究的难点, 值得进一步探索。

Citation： 范围, 邹欢, 袁容娣. 糖尿病黄斑水肿治疗研究现状与进展. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2015, 31(2): 198-201. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2015.02.027 Copy

1.	Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 2[J]. Ophthalmology, 1987, 94(7):761-774.
2.	Zhang X, Zeng H, Bao S, et al. Diabetic macular edema:new concepts in patho-physiology and treatment[J]. Cell Biosci, 2014, 4:27.
3.	American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes——2014[J]. Diabetes Care, 2014, 37(Suppl 1):S14-80.
4.	ACCORD Study Group, ACCORD Eye Study Group, Chew EY, et al. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2010, 363(3):233-244.
5.	Rinaldi M, Chiosi F, dell'Omo R, et al. Intravitreal pegaptanib sodium Macugen(R) for treatment of diabetic macular oedema:a morphologic and functional study[J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2012, 74(6):940-946.
6.	Morjaria R, Chong NV. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pegaptanib octasodium for the treatment of diabetic edema[J]. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 2014, 10(8):1185-1192.
7.	Arevalo JF, Sanchez JG, Wu L, et al. Primary intravitreal bevacizumab for diffuse diabetic macular edema:the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group at 24 months[J]. Ophthalmology, 2009, 116(8):1488-1497.
8.	Rajendram R, Fraser-Bell S, Kaines A, et al.A 2-year prospective randomized controlled trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy (BOLT) in the management of diabetic macular edema:24-month data:report 3[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2012, 130(8):972-979.
9.	Ferrara N, Damico L, Shams N, et al. Development of ranibizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antigen binding fragment, as therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J]. Retina, 2006, 26(8):859-870.
10.	Nguyen QD, Brown DM, Marcus DM, et al. Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema:results from 2 phaseⅢrandomized trials:RISE and RIDE[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(4):789-801.
11.	Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Elman MJ, Aiello LP, et al. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(6):1064-1077.
12.	Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Elman MJ, Qin H, et al. Intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema with prompt versus deferred laser treatment:three-year randomized trial results[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(11):2312-2318.
13.	Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. The RESTORE study:ranibizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(4):615-625.
14.	Schmidt-Erfurth U, Lang GE, Holz FG, et al.Three-year outcomes of individualized ranibizumab treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema:the RESTORE extension study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(5):1045-1053.
15.	Stewart MW, Rosenfeld PJ, Penha FM, et al. Pharmacokinetic rationale for dosing every 2 weeks versus 4 weeks with intravitreal ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept (vascular endothelial growth factor Trap-eye)[J]. Retina, 2012, 32(3):434-457.
16.	Stewart MW, Rosenfeld PJ. Rosenfeld, predicted biological activity of intravitreal VEGF Trap[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2008, 92(5):667-678.
17.	Do DV, Nguyen QD, Boyer D, et al. One-year outcomes of the da Vinci Study of VEGF Trap-Eye in eyes with diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(8):1658-1665.
18.	Korobelnik JF, Do DV, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(11):2247-2254.
19.	Fuh G, Li B, Crowley C, et al. Requirements for binding and signaling of the kinase domain receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor[J]. J Biol Chem, 1998, 273(18):11197-11204.
20.	Fortin P, Mintzes B, Innes M. A systematic review of intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Ottawa (ON):Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK169472/..
21.	Régnier S, Malcolm W, Allen F, et al. Efficacy of anti-VEGF and laser photocoagulation in the treatment of visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema:a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2014, 9(7):102309. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0102309..
22.	Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Wells JA, Glassman AR, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372(13):1193-1203.
23.	Chen HX, Cleck JN. Adverse effects of anticancer agents that target the VEGF pathway[J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2009, 6(8):465-477.
24.	Schwartz SG, Flynn HW Jr. Endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections[J]. Curr Ophthalmol Rep, 2014, 2(1):1-5.
25.	Schottelius A, Wedel S, Weltrich R, et al. Higher expression of glucocorticoid receptor in peripheral mononuclear cells in inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2000, 95(8):1994-1999.
26.	Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. A randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2008, 115(9):1447-1449.
27.	Wang J, Jiang A, Joshi M, et al. Drug delivery implants in the treatment of vitreous inflammation. Mediators Inflamm, 2013, 2013:E780634.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/780634..
28.	Pearson PA, Comstock TL, Ip M, et al. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for diabetic macular edema:a 3-year multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(8):1580-1587.
29.	Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Pearson A, et al.Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(10):2125-2132.
30.	Cunha-Vaz J, Ashton P, Iezzi R, et al. Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous implants:long-term benefit in patients with chronic diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(10):1892-1903.
31.	Boyer DS, Yoon YH, Belfort R Jr, et al.Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(10):1904-1914.
32.	Davis MD, Sheetz MJ, Aiello LP, et al. Effect of ruboxistaurin on the visual acuity decline associated with long-standing diabetic macular edema[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2009, 50(1):1-4.
33.	Callanan D, Williams P. Topical nepafenac in the treatment of diabetic macular edema[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2008, 2(4):689-692.
34.	Wu L, Hernandez-Bogantes E, Roca JA, et al.Intravitreal tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in the treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema:a pilot study from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(2):298-303.
35.	Campochiaro PA, Shah SM, Hafiz G, et al. Topical mecamylamine for diabetic macular edema[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2010, 149(5):839-851.
36.	de Smet MD, Castilla M. Ocriplasmin for diabetic retinopathy[J]. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2013, 13(12):1741-1747.
37.	Staurenghi G, Ye L, Magee MH, et al.Darapladib, a lipoprotein-associated phospholipase a inhibitor, in diabetic macular edema:a 3-month placebo-controlled study. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(3):1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161642014011919..
38.	Campochiaro PA, Sophie R, Tolentino M, et al.Treatment of diabetic macular edema with an inhibitor of vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase that activates tie2[J]. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(3):545-554.
39.	Perente I, Alkin Z, Ozkaya A, et al.Focal laser photocoagulation in non-center involved diabetic macular edema[J]. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol, 2014, 3(1):9-16.
40.	Writing Committee for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Fong DS, Strauber SF, et al. Comparison of the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study and mild macular grid laser photocoagulation strategies for diabetic macular edema[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2007, 125(4):469-480.
41.	Luttrull JK, Dorin G. Dorin, subthreshold diode micropulse laser photocoagulation (SDM) as invisible retinal phototherapy for diabetic macular edema:a review[J]. Curr Diabetes Rev, 2012, 8(4):274-284.
42.	Luttrull JK, Sinclair SH. Sinclair, safety of transfoveal subthreshold diode micropulse laser for fovea-involving diabetic macular edema in eyes with good visual acuity[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(10):2010-2020.
43.	Vujosevic S, Martini F, Longhin E, et al.Subthreshold micropulse yellow laser versus subthreshold micropulse infrared laser in center-involving diabetic macular edema:morphologic and functional safety. Retina, 2015.http://journals.lww.com/retinajournal/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=9000&issue=00000&article=98052&type=abstract..
44.	Inagaki K, Ohkoshi K, Ohde S, et al.Comparative efficacy of pure yellow (577-nm) and 810-nm subthreshold micropulse laser photocoagulation combined with yellow (561-577-nm) direct photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2015, 59(1):21-28.
45.	Othman IS, Eissa SA, Kotb MS, et al. Subthreshold diode-laser micropulse photocoagulation as a primary and secondary line of treatment in management of diabetic macular edema[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2014, 8:653-659.
46.	Mitchell P, Wong TY, Diabetic Macular Edema Treatment Guideline Working Group. Management paradigms for diabetic macular edema[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2014, 157(3):505-513.
47.	Navarrete-Sanchis J, Zarco-Bosquets J, Tomas-Torrent JM, et al.Long-term effectiveness of vitrectomy in diabetic cystoid macular edema. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00417-014-2745-9..
48.	Flaxel CJ, Edwards AR, Aiello LP, et al. Factors associated with visual acuity outcomes after vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema:diabetic retinopathy clinical research network[J]. Retina, 2010, 30(9):1488-1495.
49.	Yanyali A, Horozoglu F, Celik E, et al.Long-term outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal in diabetic macular edema[J]. Retina, 2007, 27(5):557-566.
50.	Romano MR, Romano V, Vallejo-Garcia JL, et al.Macular hypotrophy after internal limiting membrane removal for diabetic macular edema[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(6):1182-1189.
51.	Simunovic MP, Hunyor AP, Ho IV. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2014, 49(2):188-195.

1. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 2[J]. Ophthalmology, 1987, 94(7):761-774.
2. Zhang X, Zeng H, Bao S, et al. Diabetic macular edema:new concepts in patho-physiology and treatment[J]. Cell Biosci, 2014, 4:27.
3. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes——2014[J]. Diabetes Care, 2014, 37(Suppl 1):S14-80.
4. ACCORD Study Group, ACCORD Eye Study Group, Chew EY, et al. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2010, 363(3):233-244.
5. Rinaldi M, Chiosi F, dell'Omo R, et al. Intravitreal pegaptanib sodium Macugen(R) for treatment of diabetic macular oedema:a morphologic and functional study[J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2012, 74(6):940-946.
6. Morjaria R, Chong NV. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pegaptanib octasodium for the treatment of diabetic edema[J]. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 2014, 10(8):1185-1192.
7. Arevalo JF, Sanchez JG, Wu L, et al. Primary intravitreal bevacizumab for diffuse diabetic macular edema:the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group at 24 months[J]. Ophthalmology, 2009, 116(8):1488-1497.
8. Rajendram R, Fraser-Bell S, Kaines A, et al.A 2-year prospective randomized controlled trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy (BOLT) in the management of diabetic macular edema:24-month data:report 3[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2012, 130(8):972-979.
9. Ferrara N, Damico L, Shams N, et al. Development of ranibizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antigen binding fragment, as therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J]. Retina, 2006, 26(8):859-870.
10. Nguyen QD, Brown DM, Marcus DM, et al. Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema:results from 2 phaseⅢrandomized trials:RISE and RIDE[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(4):789-801.
11. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Elman MJ, Aiello LP, et al. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(6):1064-1077.
12. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Elman MJ, Qin H, et al. Intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema with prompt versus deferred laser treatment:three-year randomized trial results[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(11):2312-2318.
13. Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. The RESTORE study:ranibizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(4):615-625.
14. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Lang GE, Holz FG, et al.Three-year outcomes of individualized ranibizumab treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema:the RESTORE extension study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(5):1045-1053.
15. Stewart MW, Rosenfeld PJ, Penha FM, et al. Pharmacokinetic rationale for dosing every 2 weeks versus 4 weeks with intravitreal ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept (vascular endothelial growth factor Trap-eye)[J]. Retina, 2012, 32(3):434-457.
16. Stewart MW, Rosenfeld PJ. Rosenfeld, predicted biological activity of intravitreal VEGF Trap[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2008, 92(5):667-678.
17. Do DV, Nguyen QD, Boyer D, et al. One-year outcomes of the da Vinci Study of VEGF Trap-Eye in eyes with diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(8):1658-1665.
18. Korobelnik JF, Do DV, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(11):2247-2254.
19. Fuh G, Li B, Crowley C, et al. Requirements for binding and signaling of the kinase domain receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor[J]. J Biol Chem, 1998, 273(18):11197-11204.
20. Fortin P, Mintzes B, Innes M. A systematic review of intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Ottawa (ON):Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK169472/..
21. Régnier S, Malcolm W, Allen F, et al. Efficacy of anti-VEGF and laser photocoagulation in the treatment of visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema:a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2014, 9(7):102309. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0102309..
22. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Wells JA, Glassman AR, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372(13):1193-1203.
23. Chen HX, Cleck JN. Adverse effects of anticancer agents that target the VEGF pathway[J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2009, 6(8):465-477.
24. Schwartz SG, Flynn HW Jr. Endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections[J]. Curr Ophthalmol Rep, 2014, 2(1):1-5.
25. Schottelius A, Wedel S, Weltrich R, et al. Higher expression of glucocorticoid receptor in peripheral mononuclear cells in inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2000, 95(8):1994-1999.
26. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. A randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2008, 115(9):1447-1449.
27. Wang J, Jiang A, Joshi M, et al. Drug delivery implants in the treatment of vitreous inflammation. Mediators Inflamm, 2013, 2013:E780634.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/780634..
28. Pearson PA, Comstock TL, Ip M, et al. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for diabetic macular edema:a 3-year multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial[J]. Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(8):1580-1587.
29. Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Pearson A, et al.Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(10):2125-2132.
30. Cunha-Vaz J, Ashton P, Iezzi R, et al. Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous implants:long-term benefit in patients with chronic diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(10):1892-1903.
31. Boyer DS, Yoon YH, Belfort R Jr, et al.Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(10):1904-1914.
32. Davis MD, Sheetz MJ, Aiello LP, et al. Effect of ruboxistaurin on the visual acuity decline associated with long-standing diabetic macular edema[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2009, 50(1):1-4.
33. Callanan D, Williams P. Topical nepafenac in the treatment of diabetic macular edema[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2008, 2(4):689-692.
34. Wu L, Hernandez-Bogantes E, Roca JA, et al.Intravitreal tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in the treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema:a pilot study from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group[J]. Retina, 2011, 31(2):298-303.
35. Campochiaro PA, Shah SM, Hafiz G, et al. Topical mecamylamine for diabetic macular edema[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2010, 149(5):839-851.
36. de Smet MD, Castilla M. Ocriplasmin for diabetic retinopathy[J]. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2013, 13(12):1741-1747.
37. Staurenghi G, Ye L, Magee MH, et al.Darapladib, a lipoprotein-associated phospholipase a inhibitor, in diabetic macular edema:a 3-month placebo-controlled study. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(3):1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161642014011919..
38. Campochiaro PA, Sophie R, Tolentino M, et al.Treatment of diabetic macular edema with an inhibitor of vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase that activates tie2[J]. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(3):545-554.
39. Perente I, Alkin Z, Ozkaya A, et al.Focal laser photocoagulation in non-center involved diabetic macular edema[J]. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol, 2014, 3(1):9-16.
40. Writing Committee for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Fong DS, Strauber SF, et al. Comparison of the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study and mild macular grid laser photocoagulation strategies for diabetic macular edema[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2007, 125(4):469-480.
41. Luttrull JK, Dorin G. Dorin, subthreshold diode micropulse laser photocoagulation (SDM) as invisible retinal phototherapy for diabetic macular edema:a review[J]. Curr Diabetes Rev, 2012, 8(4):274-284.
42. Luttrull JK, Sinclair SH. Sinclair, safety of transfoveal subthreshold diode micropulse laser for fovea-involving diabetic macular edema in eyes with good visual acuity[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(10):2010-2020.
43. Vujosevic S, Martini F, Longhin E, et al.Subthreshold micropulse yellow laser versus subthreshold micropulse infrared laser in center-involving diabetic macular edema:morphologic and functional safety. Retina, 2015.http://journals.lww.com/retinajournal/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=9000&issue=00000&article=98052&type=abstract..
44. Inagaki K, Ohkoshi K, Ohde S, et al.Comparative efficacy of pure yellow (577-nm) and 810-nm subthreshold micropulse laser photocoagulation combined with yellow (561-577-nm) direct photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2015, 59(1):21-28.
45. Othman IS, Eissa SA, Kotb MS, et al. Subthreshold diode-laser micropulse photocoagulation as a primary and secondary line of treatment in management of diabetic macular edema[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2014, 8:653-659.
46. Mitchell P, Wong TY, Diabetic Macular Edema Treatment Guideline Working Group. Management paradigms for diabetic macular edema[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2014, 157(3):505-513.
47. Navarrete-Sanchis J, Zarco-Bosquets J, Tomas-Torrent JM, et al.Long-term effectiveness of vitrectomy in diabetic cystoid macular edema. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00417-014-2745-9..
48. Flaxel CJ, Edwards AR, Aiello LP, et al. Factors associated with visual acuity outcomes after vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema:diabetic retinopathy clinical research network[J]. Retina, 2010, 30(9):1488-1495.
49. Yanyali A, Horozoglu F, Celik E, et al.Long-term outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal in diabetic macular edema[J]. Retina, 2007, 27(5):557-566.
50. Romano MR, Romano V, Vallejo-Garcia JL, et al.Macular hypotrophy after internal limiting membrane removal for diabetic macular edema[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(6):1182-1189.
51. Simunovic MP, Hunyor AP, Ho IV. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Can J Ophthalmol, 2014, 49(2):188-195.

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糖尿病黄斑水肿治疗研究现状与进展

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