Progress of the application of optical coherence tomography and angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic macular edema_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Liu Baoyi ^1,2 , Yang Dawei ¹ , Wu Qiaowei ^1,2 ,  Yu Honghua ¹

1. Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510060, China;
2. Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, China;

Corresponding author：

Yu Honghua, Email: yhhgtm@126.com

Keywords：

Tomography, optical coherence; Macular edema; Diabetic retinopathy/complications; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2020.01.016

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Diabetic macular edema is the leading cause of central vision loss and even blindness in diabetic retinopathy. Compared to FFA, OCT can obtain the high-resolution 3D image quickly, easily to reflect the details of the tissue and realize the quantitative measurement. As a novel technology, OCT angiography (OCTA) can display microvascular structure from different layers of retina and choroid, having its advantage of quantifying the vessel density and the lesion area. By detecting fundus morphology, quantifying and quantitating the retinal vessels and vessel density, the combination of OCT and OCTA could play a guiding role in diagnosis, classification, treatment and prognosis of diabetic macular edema.

Citation： Liu Baoyi, Yang Dawei, Wu Qiaowei, Yu Honghua. Progress of the application of optical coherence tomography and angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic macular edema. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2020, 36(1): 65-69. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2020.01.016 Copy

1.	Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Diabetes Care, 2012, 35(3): 556-564. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-1909.
2.	Das A, Mcguire PG, Rangasamy S. Diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology and novel therapeutic targets[J]. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(7): 1375-1394. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.024.
3.	Bandyopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay SK, Saha M, et al. Study of aqueous cytokines in patients with different patterns of diabetic macular edema based on optical coherence tomography[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2018, 38(1): 241-249. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0453-2.
4.	Tan GS, Gan A, Sabanayagam C, et al. Ethnic differences in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2018, 125(4): 529-536. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.10.026.
5.	Abramoff MD, Garvin MK, Sonka M. Retinal imaging and image analysis[J]. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng, 2010, 3: 169-208. DOI: 10.1109/RBME.2010.2084567.
6.	Fujimoto JG, Drexler W, Schuman JS, et al. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in ophthalmology: introduction[J]. Opt Express, 2009, 17(5): 3978-3979. DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.003978.
7.	Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, et al. Optical coherence tomography[J]. Science, 1991, 254(5035): 1178-1181. DOI: 10.1126/science.1957169.
8.	Spaide RF, Klancnik JJ, Cooney MJ. Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2015, 133(1): 45-50. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3616.
9.	Kuehlewein L, Bansal M, Lenis TL, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of type 1 neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015, 160(4): 739-748. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.06.030.
10.	Otani T, Kishi S, Maruyama Y. Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1999, 127(6): 688-693. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00033-1.
11.	Trichonas G, Kaiser PK. Optical coherence tomography imaging of macular oedema[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2014, 98 Suppl 2: S24-29. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305305.
12.	Kim BY, Smith SD, Kaiser PK. Optical coherence tomographic patterns of diabetic macular edema[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2006, 142(3): 405-412. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.04.023.
13.	沈胤忱, 许迅, 刘堃. 糖尿病黄斑水肿患者黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度观察[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2013, 29(1): 9-12. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2013.01.003.Shen YC, Xu X, Liu K. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes of patients with diabetic macular edema[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2013, 29(1): 9-12. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2013.01.003.
14.	Parodi BM, Iacono P, Cascavilla M, et al. A pathogenetic classification of diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmic Res, 2018, 60(1): 23-28. DOI: 10.1159/000484350.
15.	Seo KH, Yu SY, Kim M, et al. Visual and morphologic outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema based on optical coherence tomography patterns[J]. Retina, 2016, 36(3): 588-595. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000770.
16.	Liu Q, Hu Y, Yu H, et al. Comparison of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide versus intravitreal bevacizumab as the primary treatment of clinically significant macular edema[J]. Retina, 2015, 35(2): 272-279. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000300.
17.	Shimura M, Yasuda K, Yasuda M, et al. Visual outcome after intravitreal bevacizumab depends on the optical coherence tomographic patterns of patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(4): 740-747. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31826b6763.
18.	Kaldirim H, Yazgan S, Atalay K, et al. Intravitreal dexamethasone implantation in patients with different morphological diabetic macular edema having insufficient response to ranibizumab[J]. Retina, 2018, 38(5): 986-992. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001648.
19.	Kaur C, Foulds WS, Ling EA. Blood-retinal barrier in hypoxic ischaemic conditions: basic concepts, clinical features and management[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2008, 27(6): 622-647. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.09.003.
20.	Querques G, Lattanzio R, Querques L, et al. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography in type 2 diabetes[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(10): 6017-6024. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9692.
21.	Adhi M, Brewer E, Waheed NK, et al. Analysis of morphological features and vascular layers of choroid in diabetic retinopathy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography[J]. JAMA Ophthalmology, 2013, 131(10): 1267. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4321.
22.	梁安怡, 曹丹, 张良. 脉络膜厚度与糖尿病视网膜病变相关性研究现状[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2017, 33(3): 315-318. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.03.026.Liang AY, Cao D, Zhang L. The correlation between choroidal thickness and diabetic retinopathy[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2017, 33(3): 315-318. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.03.026.
23.	Wang X, Li S, Li W, et al. Choroidal variations in diabetic macular edema: fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2018, 43(1): 102-108. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1370115.
24.	付浴东, 孟旭霞, 王萍, 等. 不同光相干断层扫描分型糖尿病黄斑水肿玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗的疗效差异及椭圆体带完整性与视力相关性观察[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2017, 33(2): 129-133. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.005.Fu YD, Meng XX, Wang P, et al. Efficacy of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for different patterns of optical coherence tomography of diabetic macular edema and the relationship between integrity of ellipsoidal zone and visual acuity outcomes[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2017, 33(2): 129-133. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.005.
25.	Rewbury R, Want A, Chong V, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema[J]. Eye, 2016, 30(12): 1568-1572. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.187.
26.	Kim JT, Lee DH, Joe SG, et al. Changes in choroidal thickness in relation to the severity of retinopathy and macular edema in type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013, 54(5): 3378-3384. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11503.
27.	Gupta C, Tan R, Mishra C, et al. Choroidal structural analysis in eyes with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema-a novel OCT based imaging biomarker[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(12): 207435[2018-12-11]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207435. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207435.
28.	Eliwa TF, Hegazy OS, Mahmoud SS, et al. Choroidal thickness change in patients with diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2017, 48(12): 970-977. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20171130-03.
29.	Sonoda S, Sakamoto T, Yamashita T, et al. Effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide or bevacizumab on choroidal thickness in eyes with diabetic macular edema[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(6): 3979-3985. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14188.
30.	Campos A, Campos EJ, do Carmo A, et al. Choroidal thickness changes stratified by outcome in real-world treatment of diabetic macular edema[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2018, 256(10): 1857-1865. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4072-z.
31.	Ünlü C, Erdogan G, Onal Gunay B, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness changes after intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2015, 8(4): 849-851. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.04.38.
32.	Mohamed D, Hassan NA, Osman AA, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in diabetic macular edema[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2019, 13: 921-925. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S207376.
33.	Sala-Puigdollers A, Figueras-Roca M, Hereu M, et al. Repeatability and reproducibility of retinal and choroidal thickness measurements in diabetic macular edema using swept-source optical coherence tomography[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(7): 0200819[2018-07-26]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200819. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200819.eCollection 2018.
34.	Lee J, Rosen R. Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetes[J]. Curr Diab Rep, 2016, 16(12): 123. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-016-0811-x.
35.	Mastropasqua R, Toto L, Mastropasqua A, et al. Foveal avascular zone area and parafoveal vessel density measurements in different stages of diabetic retinopathy by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2017, 10(10): 1545-1551. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.10.11.
36.	Sun Z, Tang F, Wong R, et al. OCT angiography metrics predict progression of diabetic retinopathy and development of diabetic macular edema: a prospective study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2019, 126(12): 1675-1684. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.06.016.
37.	Mao L, Weng S, Gong Y, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of macular telangiectasia type 1: comparison with mild diabetic macular edema[J]. Lasers Surg Med, 2017, 49(3): 225-232. DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22645.
38.	AttaAllah HR, Mohamed AAM, Ali MA. Macular vessels density in diabetic retinopathy: quantitative assessment using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2019, 39(8): 1845-1859. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-1013-0.
39.	Lee J, Moon BG, Cho AR, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of DME and its association with anti-vegf treatment response[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(11): 2368-2375. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.010.
40.	Lee M, Kim K, Lim H, et al. Repeatability of vessel density measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal diseases[J/OL]. Br J Ophthalmol,2018,2018:E1[2018-07-04].https://bjo.bmj.com/content/103/5/704.long.DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312516.[published online ahead of print].
41.	曾运考, 杨大卫, 曹丹, 等. 正常人眼黄斑血流密度及结构与年龄的相关性研究[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2019, 35(1): 3-7. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2019.01.002.Zeng YK, Yang DW, Cao D, et al. Correlation between macular blood flow density, structure and age in normal eyes[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2019, 35(1): 3-7. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2019.01.002.
42.	Freiberg FJ, Pfau M, Wons J, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of the foveal avascular zone in diabetic retinopathy[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2016, 254(6): 1051-1058. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3148-2.
43.	Di G, Weihong Y, Xiao Z, et al. A morphological study of the foveal avascular zone in patients with diabetes mellitus using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2016, 254(5): 873-879. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3143-7.
44.	Gill A, Cole ED, Novais EA, et al. Visualization of changes in the foveal avascular zone in both observed and treated diabetic macular edema using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2017, 3(1): 19. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-017-0074-y.
45.	Mo S, Krawitz B, Efstathiadis E, et al. Imaging foveal microvasculature: optical coherence tomography angiography versus adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope fluorescein angiography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(9): 130-140. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18932.
46.	Conti FF, Song W, Rodrigues EB, et al. Changes in retinal and choriocapillaris density in diabetic patients receiving anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment using optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2019, 5:41[2019-12-10].https://bjo.bmj.com/content/103/5/704.long. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-019-0192-9.
47.	Fang D, Tang FY, Huang H, et al. Repeatability, interocular correlation and agreement of quantitative swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography macular metrics in healthy subjects[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2019, 103(3): 415-420. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-311874.
48.	Hsieh YT, Alam MN, Le D, et al. OCT angiography biomarkers for predicting visual outcomes after ranibizumab treatment for diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2019, 3(10): 826-834. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.04.027.
49.	Vujosevic S, Toma C, Villani E, et al. Diabetic macular edema with neuroretinal detachment: OCT and OCT-angiography biomarkers of treatment response to anti-VEGF and steroids[J/OL]. Acta Diabetol, 2019, 2019: E1[2019-09-21]. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00592-019-01424-4. DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01424-4.[published online ahead of print].
50.	Ometto G, Assheton P, Caliva F, et al. Spatial distribution of early red lesions is a risk factor for development of vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy[J]. Diabetologia, 2017, 60(12): 2361-2367. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4424-y.
51.	Ribeiro ML, Nunes SG, Cunha-Vaz JG. Microaneurysm turnover at the macula predicts risk of development of clinically significant macular edema in persons with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy[J]. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(5): 1254-1259. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1491.
52.	Schreur V, Domanian A, Liefers B, et al. Morphological and topographical appearance of microaneurysms on optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2019, 103: 1-2[2019-04-17]. https://bjo.bmj.com/content/103/5/630. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312258.
53.	Hasegawa N, Nozaki M, Takase N, et al. New insights into microaneurysms in the deep capillary plexus detected by optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic macular edema[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(9): 348-355. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18782.
54.	Li M, Yang Y, Jiang H, et al. Retinal microvascular network and microcirculation assessments in high myopia[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 174: 56-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.10.018.
55.	Yang Y, Wang J, Jiang H, et al. Retinal microvasculature alteration in high myopia[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(14): 6020-6030. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19542.
56.	Peres MB, Kato RT, Kniggendorf VF, et al. Comparison of optical coherence tomography angiography and fluorescein angiography for the identification of retinal vascular changes in eyes with diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2016, 47(11): 1013-1019. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20161031-05.
57.	Sagar P, Rajesh R, Shanmugam M, et al. Comparison of optical coherence tomography angiography and fundus fluorescein angiography features of retinal capillary hemangioblastoma[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(6): 872-876. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1199_17.
58.	Miller RG, Secrest AM, Ellis D, et al. Changing impact of modifiable risk factors on the incidence of major outcomes of type 1 diabetes: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study[J]. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(12): 3999-4006. DOI: 10.2337/dc13-1142.

1. Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy[J]. Diabetes Care, 2012, 35(3): 556-564. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-1909.
2. Das A, Mcguire PG, Rangasamy S. Diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology and novel therapeutic targets[J]. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(7): 1375-1394. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.024.
3. Bandyopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay SK, Saha M, et al. Study of aqueous cytokines in patients with different patterns of diabetic macular edema based on optical coherence tomography[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2018, 38(1): 241-249. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0453-2.
4. Tan GS, Gan A, Sabanayagam C, et al. Ethnic differences in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2018, 125(4): 529-536. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.10.026.
5. Abramoff MD, Garvin MK, Sonka M. Retinal imaging and image analysis[J]. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng, 2010, 3: 169-208. DOI: 10.1109/RBME.2010.2084567.
6. Fujimoto JG, Drexler W, Schuman JS, et al. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in ophthalmology: introduction[J]. Opt Express, 2009, 17(5): 3978-3979. DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.003978.
7. Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, et al. Optical coherence tomography[J]. Science, 1991, 254(5035): 1178-1181. DOI: 10.1126/science.1957169.
8. Spaide RF, Klancnik JJ, Cooney MJ. Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2015, 133(1): 45-50. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3616.
9. Kuehlewein L, Bansal M, Lenis TL, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of type 1 neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015, 160(4): 739-748. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.06.030.
10. Otani T, Kishi S, Maruyama Y. Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1999, 127(6): 688-693. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00033-1.
11. Trichonas G, Kaiser PK. Optical coherence tomography imaging of macular oedema[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2014, 98 Suppl 2: S24-29. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305305.
12. Kim BY, Smith SD, Kaiser PK. Optical coherence tomographic patterns of diabetic macular edema[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2006, 142(3): 405-412. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.04.023.
13. 沈胤忱, 许迅, 刘堃. 糖尿病黄斑水肿患者黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度观察[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2013, 29(1): 9-12. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2013.01.003.Shen YC, Xu X, Liu K. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes of patients with diabetic macular edema[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2013, 29(1): 9-12. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2013.01.003.
14. Parodi BM, Iacono P, Cascavilla M, et al. A pathogenetic classification of diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmic Res, 2018, 60(1): 23-28. DOI: 10.1159/000484350.
15. Seo KH, Yu SY, Kim M, et al. Visual and morphologic outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema based on optical coherence tomography patterns[J]. Retina, 2016, 36(3): 588-595. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000770.
16. Liu Q, Hu Y, Yu H, et al. Comparison of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide versus intravitreal bevacizumab as the primary treatment of clinically significant macular edema[J]. Retina, 2015, 35(2): 272-279. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000300.
17. Shimura M, Yasuda K, Yasuda M, et al. Visual outcome after intravitreal bevacizumab depends on the optical coherence tomographic patterns of patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(4): 740-747. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31826b6763.
18. Kaldirim H, Yazgan S, Atalay K, et al. Intravitreal dexamethasone implantation in patients with different morphological diabetic macular edema having insufficient response to ranibizumab[J]. Retina, 2018, 38(5): 986-992. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001648.
19. Kaur C, Foulds WS, Ling EA. Blood-retinal barrier in hypoxic ischaemic conditions: basic concepts, clinical features and management[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2008, 27(6): 622-647. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.09.003.
20. Querques G, Lattanzio R, Querques L, et al. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography in type 2 diabetes[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(10): 6017-6024. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9692.
21. Adhi M, Brewer E, Waheed NK, et al. Analysis of morphological features and vascular layers of choroid in diabetic retinopathy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography[J]. JAMA Ophthalmology, 2013, 131(10): 1267. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4321.
22. 梁安怡, 曹丹, 张良. 脉络膜厚度与糖尿病视网膜病变相关性研究现状[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2017, 33(3): 315-318. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.03.026.Liang AY, Cao D, Zhang L. The correlation between choroidal thickness and diabetic retinopathy[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2017, 33(3): 315-318. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.03.026.
23. Wang X, Li S, Li W, et al. Choroidal variations in diabetic macular edema: fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2018, 43(1): 102-108. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1370115.
24. 付浴东, 孟旭霞, 王萍, 等. 不同光相干断层扫描分型糖尿病黄斑水肿玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗的疗效差异及椭圆体带完整性与视力相关性观察[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2017, 33(2): 129-133. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.005.Fu YD, Meng XX, Wang P, et al. Efficacy of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for different patterns of optical coherence tomography of diabetic macular edema and the relationship between integrity of ellipsoidal zone and visual acuity outcomes[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2017, 33(2): 129-133. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2017.02.005.
25. Rewbury R, Want A, Chong V, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema[J]. Eye, 2016, 30(12): 1568-1572. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.187.
26. Kim JT, Lee DH, Joe SG, et al. Changes in choroidal thickness in relation to the severity of retinopathy and macular edema in type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013, 54(5): 3378-3384. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11503.
27. Gupta C, Tan R, Mishra C, et al. Choroidal structural analysis in eyes with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema-a novel OCT based imaging biomarker[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(12): 207435[2018-12-11]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207435. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207435.
28. Eliwa TF, Hegazy OS, Mahmoud SS, et al. Choroidal thickness change in patients with diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2017, 48(12): 970-977. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20171130-03.
29. Sonoda S, Sakamoto T, Yamashita T, et al. Effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide or bevacizumab on choroidal thickness in eyes with diabetic macular edema[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(6): 3979-3985. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14188.
30. Campos A, Campos EJ, do Carmo A, et al. Choroidal thickness changes stratified by outcome in real-world treatment of diabetic macular edema[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2018, 256(10): 1857-1865. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4072-z.
31. Ünlü C, Erdogan G, Onal Gunay B, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness changes after intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2015, 8(4): 849-851. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.04.38.
32. Mohamed D, Hassan NA, Osman AA, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in diabetic macular edema[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2019, 13: 921-925. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S207376.
33. Sala-Puigdollers A, Figueras-Roca M, Hereu M, et al. Repeatability and reproducibility of retinal and choroidal thickness measurements in diabetic macular edema using swept-source optical coherence tomography[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(7): 0200819[2018-07-26]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200819. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200819.eCollection 2018.
34. Lee J, Rosen R. Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetes[J]. Curr Diab Rep, 2016, 16(12): 123. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-016-0811-x.
35. Mastropasqua R, Toto L, Mastropasqua A, et al. Foveal avascular zone area and parafoveal vessel density measurements in different stages of diabetic retinopathy by optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2017, 10(10): 1545-1551. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.10.11.
36. Sun Z, Tang F, Wong R, et al. OCT angiography metrics predict progression of diabetic retinopathy and development of diabetic macular edema: a prospective study[J]. Ophthalmology, 2019, 126(12): 1675-1684. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.06.016.
37. Mao L, Weng S, Gong Y, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of macular telangiectasia type 1: comparison with mild diabetic macular edema[J]. Lasers Surg Med, 2017, 49(3): 225-232. DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22645.
38. AttaAllah HR, Mohamed AAM, Ali MA. Macular vessels density in diabetic retinopathy: quantitative assessment using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2019, 39(8): 1845-1859. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-1013-0.
39. Lee J, Moon BG, Cho AR, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of DME and its association with anti-vegf treatment response[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(11): 2368-2375. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.010.
40. Lee M, Kim K, Lim H, et al. Repeatability of vessel density measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal diseases[J/OL]. Br J Ophthalmol,2018,2018:E1[2018-07-04].https://bjo.bmj.com/content/103/5/704.long.DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312516.[published online ahead of print].
41. 曾运考, 杨大卫, 曹丹, 等. 正常人眼黄斑血流密度及结构与年龄的相关性研究[J]. 中华眼底病杂志, 2019, 35(1): 3-7. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2019.01.002.Zeng YK, Yang DW, Cao D, et al. Correlation between macular blood flow density, structure and age in normal eyes[J]. Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2019, 35(1): 3-7. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1005-1015.2019.01.002.
42. Freiberg FJ, Pfau M, Wons J, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of the foveal avascular zone in diabetic retinopathy[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2016, 254(6): 1051-1058. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3148-2.
43. Di G, Weihong Y, Xiao Z, et al. A morphological study of the foveal avascular zone in patients with diabetes mellitus using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2016, 254(5): 873-879. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3143-7.
44. Gill A, Cole ED, Novais EA, et al. Visualization of changes in the foveal avascular zone in both observed and treated diabetic macular edema using optical coherence tomography angiography[J]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2017, 3(1): 19. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-017-0074-y.
45. Mo S, Krawitz B, Efstathiadis E, et al. Imaging foveal microvasculature: optical coherence tomography angiography versus adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope fluorescein angiography[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(9): 130-140. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18932.
46. Conti FF, Song W, Rodrigues EB, et al. Changes in retinal and choriocapillaris density in diabetic patients receiving anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment using optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2019, 5:41[2019-12-10].https://bjo.bmj.com/content/103/5/704.long. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-019-0192-9.
47. Fang D, Tang FY, Huang H, et al. Repeatability, interocular correlation and agreement of quantitative swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography macular metrics in healthy subjects[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2019, 103(3): 415-420. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-311874.
48. Hsieh YT, Alam MN, Le D, et al. OCT angiography biomarkers for predicting visual outcomes after ranibizumab treatment for diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2019, 3(10): 826-834. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.04.027.
49. Vujosevic S, Toma C, Villani E, et al. Diabetic macular edema with neuroretinal detachment: OCT and OCT-angiography biomarkers of treatment response to anti-VEGF and steroids[J/OL]. Acta Diabetol, 2019, 2019: E1[2019-09-21]. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00592-019-01424-4. DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01424-4.[published online ahead of print].
50. Ometto G, Assheton P, Caliva F, et al. Spatial distribution of early red lesions is a risk factor for development of vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy[J]. Diabetologia, 2017, 60(12): 2361-2367. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4424-y.
51. Ribeiro ML, Nunes SG, Cunha-Vaz JG. Microaneurysm turnover at the macula predicts risk of development of clinically significant macular edema in persons with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy[J]. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(5): 1254-1259. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1491.
52. Schreur V, Domanian A, Liefers B, et al. Morphological and topographical appearance of microaneurysms on optical coherence tomography angiography[J/OL]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2019, 103: 1-2[2019-04-17]. https://bjo.bmj.com/content/103/5/630. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312258.
53. Hasegawa N, Nozaki M, Takase N, et al. New insights into microaneurysms in the deep capillary plexus detected by optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic macular edema[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(9): 348-355. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18782.
54. Li M, Yang Y, Jiang H, et al. Retinal microvascular network and microcirculation assessments in high myopia[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 174: 56-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.10.018.
55. Yang Y, Wang J, Jiang H, et al. Retinal microvasculature alteration in high myopia[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(14): 6020-6030. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19542.
56. Peres MB, Kato RT, Kniggendorf VF, et al. Comparison of optical coherence tomography angiography and fluorescein angiography for the identification of retinal vascular changes in eyes with diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2016, 47(11): 1013-1019. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20161031-05.
57. Sagar P, Rajesh R, Shanmugam M, et al. Comparison of optical coherence tomography angiography and fundus fluorescein angiography features of retinal capillary hemangioblastoma[J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018, 66(6): 872-876. DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1199_17.
58. Miller RG, Secrest AM, Ellis D, et al. Changing impact of modifiable risk factors on the incidence of major outcomes of type 1 diabetes: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study[J]. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(12): 3999-4006. DOI: 10.2337/dc13-1142.

Previous Article
玻璃体猪囊尾蚴一例
Next Article
Clinical features and research progress in autosomal recessive Best disease

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Progress of the application of optical coherence tomography and angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic macular edema

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Next Article

Format

Content