Mechano-electric Feedback and Atrial Fibrillation_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

1. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chendu 610041, China;
2. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regeneration Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chendu 610041, China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

mechano-electric feedback; atrial fibrillation; mechanism

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.20160129

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Atrial fibrillation is a common and refractory atrial arrhythmia. Changes of atrial mechanical circumstances are closely related to the occurrence and maintenance of atrial fibrillation. Mechanical factors can increase the automaticity, slow conduction velocity and shorten the effective refractory period of the atrium by causing electrical and structural remodeling, and eventually increase the inducibility of atrial fibrillation. The intracellular calcium level, function and structure of cytoskeleton, local renin-angiotensin system, integrin and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway might take part in the process. Here we analyze and review the underlining mechano-electric feedback process of atrial fibrillation and its related research in order to provide a theoretical basis for further research and elucidating of the mechanical mechanism of atrial fibrillation.

Citation： GUOQiuzhe, LIUXiaojing, SHIYingkang. Mechano-electric Feedback and Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2016, 33(4): 801-805. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.20160129 Copy

1.	RAHMAN F, KWAN G F, BENJAMIN E J. Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation[J]. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2014, 11(11):639-654.
2.	GUO Yutao, TIAN Yingchun, WANG Hao, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation in China:new insights into the global burden of atrial fibrillation[J]. Chest, 2015, 147(1):109-119.
3.	KILISZEK M, MIAZEK N, PELLER M, et al. Influence of left atrial size on the outcome of pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation[J]. Kardiol Pol, 2014, 72(11):1135-1140.
4.	KAUFMANN R, THEOPHILE U. Automatie-f rdernde Dehnungseffekte an Purkinje-Fäden, Papillarmuskeln und Vorhoftrabekeln von Rhesus-Affen[J]. Pflüger's Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 1967, 297(3):174-189.
5.	DE JONG A M, VAN GELDER I C, VREESWIJK-BAUDOIN I, et al. Atrial remodeling is directly related to end-diastolic left ventricular pressure in a mouse model of ventricular pressure overload[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(9):e72651.
6.	XU Yanmin, SHARMA D, LI Guangping, et al. Atrial remodeling:New pathophysiological mechanism of atrial fibrillation[J]. Med Hypotheses, 2013, 80(1):53-56.
7.	PFEIFFER E R, WRIGHT A T, EDWARDS A G, et al. Caveolae in ventricular myocytes are required for stretch-dependent conduction slowing[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2014, 76:265-274.
8.	LAI Dongwu, XU Lin, CHENG Jun, et al. Stretch current-induced abnormal impulses in CaMKⅡδ knockout mouse ventricular myocytes[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2013, 24(4):457-463.
9.	WALTERS T E, LEE G, SPENCE S, et al. Acute atrial stretch results in conduction slowing and complex signals at the pulmonary vein to left atrial junction:insights into the mechanism of pulmonary vein arrhythmogenesis[J]. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 2014, 7(6):1189-1197.
10.	BRESSAN M C, LOUIE J D, MIKAWA Takashi. Hemodynamic forces regulate developmental patterning of atrial conduction[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(12):e115207.
11.	IWASAKI Y K, YAMASHITA Takeshi, SEKIGUCHI A, et al. Importance of pulmonary vein preferential fibrosis for atrial fibrillation promotion in hypertensive rat hearts[J]. Can J Cardiol, 2015.
12.	SCHMIDT C, WIEDMANN F, VOIGT N, et al. Upregulation of K(2P)3.1 K+ current causes action potential shortening in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation, 2015, 132(2):82-92.
13.	ÁGOSTON G, SZILÁGYI J, BENCSIK G, et al. Impaired adaptation to left atrial pressure increase in patients with atrial fibrillation[J]. J Interv Card Electrophysiol, 2015, 44(2):113-118.
14.	JI Qiang, LIU Hua, MEI Yunqing, et al. Expression changes of Ionic channels in early phase of cultured rat atrial myocytes induced by rapid pacing[J]. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 8:194.
15.	PEDROZO Z, CRIOLLO A, BATTIPROLU P K, et al. Polycystin-1 is a cardiomyocyte mechanosensor that governs L-Type Ca²⁺ channel protein stability[J]. Circulation, 2015, 131(24):2131-2142.
16.	ABRAMOCHKIN D V, LOZINSKY I T, KAMKIN A. Influence of mechanical stress on fibroblast-myocyte interactions in mammalian heart[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2014, 70:27-36.
17.	IGARASHI T, FINET J E, TAKEUCHI A, et al. Connexin gene transfer preserves conduction velocity and prevents atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation, 2012, 125(2):216-225.
18.	HUSSAIN W, PATEL P M, CHOWDHURY R A, et al. The Renin-Angiotensin system mediates the effects of stretch on conduction velocity, connexin43 expression, and redistribution in intact ventricle[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2010, 21(11):1276-1283.
19.	HOOPER C L, PAUDYAL A, DASH P R, et al. Modulation of stretch-induced myocyte remodeling and gene expression by nitric oxide:a novel role for lipoma preferred partner in myofibrillogenesis[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2013, 304(10):H1302-H1313.
20.	GONZALES M J, VINCENT K P, RAPPEL W J, et al. Structural contributions to fibrillatory rotors in a patient-derived computational model of the atria[J]. Europace, 2014, 16(Suppl 4):iv3-iv10.
21.	LU Y Y, CHEN Yaochang, KAO Y H, et al. Extracellular matrix of collagen modulates arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary veins through p38 MAPK activation[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2013, 59:159-166.
22.	KERKELÄ R, ILVES M, PIKKARAINEN S, et al. Key roles of endothelin-1 and p38 MAPK in the regulation of atrial stretch response[J]. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2011, 300(1):R140-R149.
23.	YAN Jiajie, KONG Wei, ZHANG Qiang, et al. c-Jun n-terminal kinase activation contributes to reduced connexin43 and development of atrial arrhythmias[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2013, 97(3):589-597.
24.	MARTINAC B. The ion channels to cytoskeleton connection as potential mechanism of mechanosensitivity[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2014, 1838(2):682-691.
25.	CHOI W S, KHURANA A, MATHUR R, et al. Kv1.5 surface expression is modulated by retrograde trafficking of newly endocytosed channels by the dynein motor[J]. Circ Res, 2005, 97(4):363-371.
26.	NATTEL S, HARADA M. Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation:recent advances and translational perspectives[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(22):2335-2345.
27.	TSAI C T, CHIANG F T, TSENG C D, et al. Mechanical stretch of atrial myocyte monolayer decreases sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium adenosine triphosphatase expression and increases susceptibility to repolarization alternans[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 58(20):2106-2115.
28.	SAYGILI E, RANA O R, MEYER C, et al. The angiotensin-calcineurin-NFAT pathway mediates stretch-induced up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases-2/-9 in atrial myocytes[J]. Basic Res Cardiol, 2009, 104(4):435-448.
29.	ZABLOCKI D, SADOSHIMA J. Solving the cardiac hypertrophy riddle:The angiotensin Ⅱ-mechanical stress connection[J]. Circ Res, 2013, 113(11):1192-1195.
30.	LIN Li, TANG Chuyi, XU Jianfeng, et al. Mechanical stress triggers cardiomyocyte autophagy through angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor-mediated p38MAP kinase independently of angiotensin Ⅱ[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(2):e89629.
31.	HU Yuxuan, GUREV V, CONSTANTINO J, et al. Effects of mechano-electric feedback on scroll wave stability in human ventricular fibrillation[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(4):e60287.

1. RAHMAN F, KWAN G F, BENJAMIN E J. Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation[J]. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2014, 11(11):639-654.
2. GUO Yutao, TIAN Yingchun, WANG Hao, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation in China:new insights into the global burden of atrial fibrillation[J]. Chest, 2015, 147(1):109-119.
3. KILISZEK M, MIAZEK N, PELLER M, et al. Influence of left atrial size on the outcome of pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation[J]. Kardiol Pol, 2014, 72(11):1135-1140.
4. KAUFMANN R, THEOPHILE U. Automatie-f rdernde Dehnungseffekte an Purkinje-Fäden, Papillarmuskeln und Vorhoftrabekeln von Rhesus-Affen[J]. Pflüger's Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 1967, 297(3):174-189.
5. DE JONG A M, VAN GELDER I C, VREESWIJK-BAUDOIN I, et al. Atrial remodeling is directly related to end-diastolic left ventricular pressure in a mouse model of ventricular pressure overload[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(9):e72651.
6. XU Yanmin, SHARMA D, LI Guangping, et al. Atrial remodeling:New pathophysiological mechanism of atrial fibrillation[J]. Med Hypotheses, 2013, 80(1):53-56.
7. PFEIFFER E R, WRIGHT A T, EDWARDS A G, et al. Caveolae in ventricular myocytes are required for stretch-dependent conduction slowing[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2014, 76:265-274.
8. LAI Dongwu, XU Lin, CHENG Jun, et al. Stretch current-induced abnormal impulses in CaMKⅡδ knockout mouse ventricular myocytes[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2013, 24(4):457-463.
9. WALTERS T E, LEE G, SPENCE S, et al. Acute atrial stretch results in conduction slowing and complex signals at the pulmonary vein to left atrial junction:insights into the mechanism of pulmonary vein arrhythmogenesis[J]. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 2014, 7(6):1189-1197.
10. BRESSAN M C, LOUIE J D, MIKAWA Takashi. Hemodynamic forces regulate developmental patterning of atrial conduction[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(12):e115207.
11. IWASAKI Y K, YAMASHITA Takeshi, SEKIGUCHI A, et al. Importance of pulmonary vein preferential fibrosis for atrial fibrillation promotion in hypertensive rat hearts[J]. Can J Cardiol, 2015.
12. SCHMIDT C, WIEDMANN F, VOIGT N, et al. Upregulation of K(2P)3.1 K+ current causes action potential shortening in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation, 2015, 132(2):82-92.
13. ÁGOSTON G, SZILÁGYI J, BENCSIK G, et al. Impaired adaptation to left atrial pressure increase in patients with atrial fibrillation[J]. J Interv Card Electrophysiol, 2015, 44(2):113-118.
14. JI Qiang, LIU Hua, MEI Yunqing, et al. Expression changes of Ionic channels in early phase of cultured rat atrial myocytes induced by rapid pacing[J]. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 8:194.
15. PEDROZO Z, CRIOLLO A, BATTIPROLU P K, et al. Polycystin-1 is a cardiomyocyte mechanosensor that governs L-Type Ca²⁺ channel protein stability[J]. Circulation, 2015, 131(24):2131-2142.
16. ABRAMOCHKIN D V, LOZINSKY I T, KAMKIN A. Influence of mechanical stress on fibroblast-myocyte interactions in mammalian heart[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2014, 70:27-36.
17. IGARASHI T, FINET J E, TAKEUCHI A, et al. Connexin gene transfer preserves conduction velocity and prevents atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation, 2012, 125(2):216-225.
18. HUSSAIN W, PATEL P M, CHOWDHURY R A, et al. The Renin-Angiotensin system mediates the effects of stretch on conduction velocity, connexin43 expression, and redistribution in intact ventricle[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2010, 21(11):1276-1283.
19. HOOPER C L, PAUDYAL A, DASH P R, et al. Modulation of stretch-induced myocyte remodeling and gene expression by nitric oxide:a novel role for lipoma preferred partner in myofibrillogenesis[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2013, 304(10):H1302-H1313.
20. GONZALES M J, VINCENT K P, RAPPEL W J, et al. Structural contributions to fibrillatory rotors in a patient-derived computational model of the atria[J]. Europace, 2014, 16(Suppl 4):iv3-iv10.
21. LU Y Y, CHEN Yaochang, KAO Y H, et al. Extracellular matrix of collagen modulates arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary veins through p38 MAPK activation[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2013, 59:159-166.
22. KERKELÄ R, ILVES M, PIKKARAINEN S, et al. Key roles of endothelin-1 and p38 MAPK in the regulation of atrial stretch response[J]. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2011, 300(1):R140-R149.
23. YAN Jiajie, KONG Wei, ZHANG Qiang, et al. c-Jun n-terminal kinase activation contributes to reduced connexin43 and development of atrial arrhythmias[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2013, 97(3):589-597.
24. MARTINAC B. The ion channels to cytoskeleton connection as potential mechanism of mechanosensitivity[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2014, 1838(2):682-691.
25. CHOI W S, KHURANA A, MATHUR R, et al. Kv1.5 surface expression is modulated by retrograde trafficking of newly endocytosed channels by the dynein motor[J]. Circ Res, 2005, 97(4):363-371.
26. NATTEL S, HARADA M. Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation:recent advances and translational perspectives[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(22):2335-2345.
27. TSAI C T, CHIANG F T, TSENG C D, et al. Mechanical stretch of atrial myocyte monolayer decreases sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium adenosine triphosphatase expression and increases susceptibility to repolarization alternans[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 58(20):2106-2115.
28. SAYGILI E, RANA O R, MEYER C, et al. The angiotensin-calcineurin-NFAT pathway mediates stretch-induced up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases-2/-9 in atrial myocytes[J]. Basic Res Cardiol, 2009, 104(4):435-448.
29. ZABLOCKI D, SADOSHIMA J. Solving the cardiac hypertrophy riddle:The angiotensin Ⅱ-mechanical stress connection[J]. Circ Res, 2013, 113(11):1192-1195.
30. LIN Li, TANG Chuyi, XU Jianfeng, et al. Mechanical stress triggers cardiomyocyte autophagy through angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor-mediated p38MAP kinase independently of angiotensin Ⅱ[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(2):e89629.
31. HU Yuxuan, GUREV V, CONSTANTINO J, et al. Effects of mechano-electric feedback on scroll wave stability in human ventricular fibrillation[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(4):e60287.

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Mechano-electric Feedback and Atrial Fibrillation

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