Review of cognitive enhancement techniques based on the combination of cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

GUO Yamei ^1,2 , LI Qijie ² , JIANG Jin ² , CAO Yong ² , FENG Jingda ² , CHU Hongzuo ¹ , WANG Hongwei ² ,  JIAO Xuejun ²

1. Department of Graduate School, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, P.R.China;
2. Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, Beijing 100094, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

cognitive training; transcranial direct current stimulation; cognitive enhancement; cognitive ability

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.201911079

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Cognitive enhancement refers to the technology of enhancing or expanding the cognitive and emotional abilities of people without psychosis based on relevant knowledge of neurobiology. The common methods of cognitive enhancement include transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cognitive training (CT). tDCS takes effect quickly, with a short effective time, while CT takes longer to work, requiring several weeks of training, with a longer effective time. In recent years, some researchers have begun to use the method of tDCS combined with CT to regulate the cognitive function. This paper will sort out and summarize this topic from five aspects: perception, attention, working memory, decision-making and other cognitive abilities. Finally, the application prospect and challenges of technology are prospected.

Citation： GUO Yamei, LI Qijie, JIANG Jin, CAO Yong, FENG Jingda, CHU Hongzuo, WANG Hongwei, JIAO Xuejun. Review of cognitive enhancement techniques based on the combination of cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2020, 37(5): 903-909. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.201911079 Copy

1.	Battleday R M, Brem A K. Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharm, 2015, 25(11): 1865-1881.
2.	李珍, 王德文, 徐昊楠. 多水平视角下探讨高龄老人认知功能的影响因素. 中国循证医学杂志, 2019, 19(8): 894-898.
3.	梁景宏, 徐勇, 贾瑞霞, 等. 多种干预措施对老年痴呆患者认知能力影响的网状meta分析. 中国循证医学杂志, 2019, 19(1): 18-27.
4.	Greely H T, Sahakian B J, Harris J, et al. Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy. Nature, 2008, 456(7223): 702-705.
5.	唐娅星, 何丽丽, 刘玲, 等. 右美托咪定对老年患者术后早期认知功能障碍及炎症因子影响的Meta分析. 中国循证医学杂志, 2018, 18(3): 351-362.
6.	孙芳玲, 郭德玉, 王文. 光照对大脑功能的影响研究进展. 照明工程学报, 2017, 28(6): 16-19.
7.	游旭群, 杨畅, 罗扬眉. 基于非侵入性脑刺激的认知增强: 方法、伦理和应用. 心理科学, 2019, 42(4): 813-819.
8.	王晓婉. 无创脑刺激技术在抑郁症治疗中的应用进展. 心理学进展, 2019, 9(2): 293-300.
9.	Bikson M, Grossman P, Thomas C, et al. Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence based update 2016. Brain Stimul, 2016, 9(5): 641-661.
10.	张惠玲, 钟冬灵, 李涓, 等. 中国老年轻度认知障碍患病率的系统评价. 中国循证医学杂志, 2020, 20(1): 17-25.
11.	Elmasry J, Loo C, Martin D. A systematic review of transcranial electrical stimulation combined with cognitive training. Restor Neurol Neuros, 2015, 33(3): 263-278.
12.	Ward N, Paul E, Watson P, et al. Enhanced Learning through Multimodal Training: Evidence from a Comprehensive Cognitive, Physical Fitness, and Neuroscience Intervention. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 1-8.
13.	Marangolo P, Caltagirone C. Options to enhance recovery from aphasia by means of non-invasive brain stimulation and action observation therapy. Expert Rev Neurother, 2014, 14(1): 75-91.
14.	Segrave R, Arnold S, Hoy K, et al. Concurrent cognitive control training augments the antidepressant efficacy of tDCS: a pilot study. Brain Stimul, 2014, 7(2): 325-331.
15.	Martin D M, Liu R, Alonzo A, et al. Can transcranial direct current stimulation enhance outcomes from cognitive training? A randomized controlled trial in healthy participants. Int J Neuropsychop, 2013, 16(9): 1927-1936.
16.	Brunoni A R, Vanderhasselt M A. Working memory improvement with non-invasive brain stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Cognition, 2014, 86(1): 1-9.
17.	吴成凯, 宋丹丹, 郑燕, 等. 经颅直流电刺激技术在增强健康个体认知功能中的应用及其影响因素. 心理科学, 2019, 42(4): 963-970.
18.	Brem A K, Unterburger E, Speight I, et al. Treatment of visuospatial neglect with biparietal tDCS and cognitive training: a single-case study. Front Syst Neurosci, 2014, 8: 180.
19.	Filmer H L, Lyons M, Mattingley J B, et al. Anodal tDCS applied during multitasking training leads to transferable performance gains. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 775-778.
20.	李学敏, 陈文文, 金维, 等. 经颅直流电刺激联合认知功能训练治疗缺血性脑卒中后失语症临床效果观察. 临床误诊误治, 2019, 32(8): 80-85.
21.	Saruco E, Di Rienzo F, Nunez-Nagy S, et al. Anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex improves motor imagery benefits on postural control: A pilot study. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 193-214.
22.	Oldrati V, Colombo B, Antonietti A. Combination of a short cognitive training and tDCS to enhance visuospatial skills: A comparison between online and offline neuromodulation. Brain Res, 2018, 1678: 32-39.
23.	Powers A, Madan A, Hilbert M L, et al. Effects of combining a brief cognitive intervention with transcranial direct current stimulation on pain tolerance: a randomized controlled pilot study. Pain Med, 2018, 19(4): 677-685.
24.	郭大龙, 葛华, 张颖, 等. 被激发的大脑——经颅直流电刺激技术对认知功能的增强作用. 军事医学, 2018, 42(3): 234-237.
25.	周鹏, 魏晋文, 孙畅, 等. 经颅直流电刺激调控大脑认知功能的研究进展. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2018, 37(2): 208-214.
26.	Park S H, Koh E J, Choi H Y, et al. A double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study to assess the effects of the concomitant use of transcranial direct current stimulation with the computer assisted cognitive rehabilitation to the prefrontal cortex on cognitive functions in patients with stroke. J Korean Neurosurg Soc, 2013, 54(6): 484-488.
27.	Silva A F, Zortea M, Carvalho S, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates attention and pain in fibromyalgia: randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 135.
28.	陈滟, 刘虹, 佟建霞, 等. 经颅直流电刺激治疗脑卒中后注意力障碍的1例报告. 中国康复医学杂志, 2017, 32(6): 713-715.
29.	Fazeli P L, Woods A J, Pope C N, et al. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training on cognitive functioning in older adults with HIV: A pilot study. Appl Neuropsychol Adult, 2019, 26(1): 36-47.
30.	Brem A K, Almquist J NF, Mansfield K, et al. Modulating fluid intelligence performance through combined cognitive training and brain stimulation. Neuropsychologia, 2018, 118: 107-114.
31.	Fehring D J, Illipparampil R, Acevedo N, et al. Interaction of task-related learning and transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in modulating executive functions. Neuropsychologia, 2019, 131: 148-159.
32.	Das N, Spence J S, Aslan S, et al. Cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized pilot trial. Front Neurosci, 2019, 13: 307.
33.	Parthasarathy A, Tang C, Herikstad R, et al. Time-invariant working memory representations in the presence of code-morphing in the lateral prefrontal cortex. BioRxiv, 2019, 10(1): 331-349.
34.	Park J C, Bae J W, Kim J, et al. Dynamically changing neuronal activity supporting working memory for predictable and unpredictable durations. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 1-10.
35.	Mulquiney P G, Hoy K E, Daskalakis Z J, et al. Improving working memory: Exploring the effect of transcranial random noise stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Clin Neurophysiol, 2011, 122(12): 2384-2389.
36.	Martin D M, Mohan A, Alonzo A, et al. A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial of cognitive training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation for amnestic mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis, 2019, 71(2): 503-512.
37.	Au J, Katz B, Buschkuehl M, et al. Enhancing working memory training with transcranial direct current stimulation. J Cognitive Neurosci, 2016, 28(9): 1419-1432.
38.	McKinley R A, McIntire L, Nelson J, et al. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on training during a complex procedural task// Hale K, Stanney K. Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Cham: Springer, 2017, 488: 173-183.
39.	Ruf S P, Fallgatter A J, Plewnia C. Augmentation of working memory training by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 104-114.
40.	Ke Yufeng, Wang Ningci, Du Jiale, et al. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory training in healthy young adults. Front Hum Neurosci, 2019, 13: 19.
41.	Ikeda T, Takahashi T, Hiraishi H, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation induces high gamma-band activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task: A double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Front Hum Neurosci, 2019, 13: 136.
42.	Kolskar K K, Richard G, Alnaes D, et al. A randomized, double blind study of computerized cognitive training in combination with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in stroke patients—utility of fMRI as marker for training outcome. BioRxiv, 2019: 603985.
43.	Zwilling C E, Daugherty A M, Hillman C H, et al. Enhanced decision-making through multimodal training. NPJ Sci Learn, 2019, 4(1): 366-377.
44.	Ota K, Shinya M, Kudo K. Transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates risk-attitude in motor decision-making. Front Hum Neurosci, 2019, 13: 297.
45.	Wiegand A, Sommer A, Nieratschker V, et al. Improvement of cognitive control and stabilization of affect by prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 242-249.
46.	Ditye T, Jacobson L, Walsh V, et al. Modulating behavioral inhibition by tDCS combined with cognitive training. Exp Brain Res, 2012, 219(3): 363-368.
47.	Gilmore C S, Dickmann P J, Nelson B G, et al. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) paired with a decision-making task reduces risk-taking in a clinically impulsive sample. Brain Stimul, 2017, 11(2): 302-309.
48.	Ownby R L, Acevedo A. A pilot study of cognitive training with and without transcranial direct current stimulation to improve cognition in older persons with HIV-related cognitive impairment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2016, 12: 2745-2754.
49.	Looi C Y, Lim J, Sella F, et al. Transcranial random noise stimulation and cognitive training to improve learning and cognition of the atypically developing brain: a pilot study. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 300-305.
50.	Costanzo F, Rossi S, Varuzza C, et al. Long-lasting improvement following tDCS treatment combined with a training for reading in children and adolescents with dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 2019, 130: 38-43.
51.	Gonzalez P C, Fong K N K, Brown T. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the cognitive functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study. Behav Neurol, 2018, 2018: 1-14.
52.	Santos V S D S D, Zortea M, Alves R L, et al. Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with working memory training in fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 777-785.
53.	佟建霞, 陈滟, 刘虹, 等. 经颅直流电刺激联合认知功能训练对脑梗死患者认知及日常生活活动能力的影响. 按摩与康复医学, 2019, 10(12): 17-19.
54.	Looi C Y, Duta M, Brem A K, et al. Combining brain stimulation and video game to promote long-term transfer of learning and cognitive enhancement. Sci Rep, 2016, 6(4): 366-377.
55.	Hope Pan L L, Yang W W, Kao C L, et al. Effects of 8-week sensory electrical stimulation combined with motor training on EEG-EMG coherence and motor function in individuals with stroke. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): e146-e603.
56.	Chase H W, Boudewyn M A, Carter C S, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation. Mol Psychiatry, 2020, 25(2): 397-407.
57.	梅晓凤, 赵雪, 王云云, 等. 多成分非药物干预用于轻度认知功能障碍效果的meta分析. 中国循证医学杂志, 2019, 19(2): 180-188.
58.	Crus Gonzalez P, Fong K N K, Chung R C K, et al. Can transcranial direct-current stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training be used as a clinical intervention to improve cognitive functioning in persons with mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Hum Neurosci, 2018, 12: 416.
59.	朱明预, 余凤琼, 张骏, 等. 经颅直流电刺激的研究进展. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2017, 43(6): 382-385.

1. Battleday R M, Brem A K. Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharm, 2015, 25(11): 1865-1881.
2. 李珍, 王德文, 徐昊楠. 多水平视角下探讨高龄老人认知功能的影响因素. 中国循证医学杂志, 2019, 19(8): 894-898.
3. 梁景宏, 徐勇, 贾瑞霞, 等. 多种干预措施对老年痴呆患者认知能力影响的网状meta分析. 中国循证医学杂志, 2019, 19(1): 18-27.
4. Greely H T, Sahakian B J, Harris J, et al. Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy. Nature, 2008, 456(7223): 702-705.
5. 唐娅星, 何丽丽, 刘玲, 等. 右美托咪定对老年患者术后早期认知功能障碍及炎症因子影响的Meta分析. 中国循证医学杂志, 2018, 18(3): 351-362.
6. 孙芳玲, 郭德玉, 王文. 光照对大脑功能的影响研究进展. 照明工程学报, 2017, 28(6): 16-19.
7. 游旭群, 杨畅, 罗扬眉. 基于非侵入性脑刺激的认知增强: 方法、伦理和应用. 心理科学, 2019, 42(4): 813-819.
8. 王晓婉. 无创脑刺激技术在抑郁症治疗中的应用进展. 心理学进展, 2019, 9(2): 293-300.
9. Bikson M, Grossman P, Thomas C, et al. Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence based update 2016. Brain Stimul, 2016, 9(5): 641-661.
10. 张惠玲, 钟冬灵, 李涓, 等. 中国老年轻度认知障碍患病率的系统评价. 中国循证医学杂志, 2020, 20(1): 17-25.
11. Elmasry J, Loo C, Martin D. A systematic review of transcranial electrical stimulation combined with cognitive training. Restor Neurol Neuros, 2015, 33(3): 263-278.
12. Ward N, Paul E, Watson P, et al. Enhanced Learning through Multimodal Training: Evidence from a Comprehensive Cognitive, Physical Fitness, and Neuroscience Intervention. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 1-8.
13. Marangolo P, Caltagirone C. Options to enhance recovery from aphasia by means of non-invasive brain stimulation and action observation therapy. Expert Rev Neurother, 2014, 14(1): 75-91.
14. Segrave R, Arnold S, Hoy K, et al. Concurrent cognitive control training augments the antidepressant efficacy of tDCS: a pilot study. Brain Stimul, 2014, 7(2): 325-331.
15. Martin D M, Liu R, Alonzo A, et al. Can transcranial direct current stimulation enhance outcomes from cognitive training? A randomized controlled trial in healthy participants. Int J Neuropsychop, 2013, 16(9): 1927-1936.
16. Brunoni A R, Vanderhasselt M A. Working memory improvement with non-invasive brain stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Cognition, 2014, 86(1): 1-9.
17. 吴成凯, 宋丹丹, 郑燕, 等. 经颅直流电刺激技术在增强健康个体认知功能中的应用及其影响因素. 心理科学, 2019, 42(4): 963-970.
18. Brem A K, Unterburger E, Speight I, et al. Treatment of visuospatial neglect with biparietal tDCS and cognitive training: a single-case study. Front Syst Neurosci, 2014, 8: 180.
19. Filmer H L, Lyons M, Mattingley J B, et al. Anodal tDCS applied during multitasking training leads to transferable performance gains. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 775-778.
20. 李学敏, 陈文文, 金维, 等. 经颅直流电刺激联合认知功能训练治疗缺血性脑卒中后失语症临床效果观察. 临床误诊误治, 2019, 32(8): 80-85.
21. Saruco E, Di Rienzo F, Nunez-Nagy S, et al. Anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex improves motor imagery benefits on postural control: A pilot study. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 193-214.
22. Oldrati V, Colombo B, Antonietti A. Combination of a short cognitive training and tDCS to enhance visuospatial skills: A comparison between online and offline neuromodulation. Brain Res, 2018, 1678: 32-39.
23. Powers A, Madan A, Hilbert M L, et al. Effects of combining a brief cognitive intervention with transcranial direct current stimulation on pain tolerance: a randomized controlled pilot study. Pain Med, 2018, 19(4): 677-685.
24. 郭大龙, 葛华, 张颖, 等. 被激发的大脑——经颅直流电刺激技术对认知功能的增强作用. 军事医学, 2018, 42(3): 234-237.
25. 周鹏, 魏晋文, 孙畅, 等. 经颅直流电刺激调控大脑认知功能的研究进展. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2018, 37(2): 208-214.
26. Park S H, Koh E J, Choi H Y, et al. A double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot study to assess the effects of the concomitant use of transcranial direct current stimulation with the computer assisted cognitive rehabilitation to the prefrontal cortex on cognitive functions in patients with stroke. J Korean Neurosurg Soc, 2013, 54(6): 484-488.
27. Silva A F, Zortea M, Carvalho S, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates attention and pain in fibromyalgia: randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 135.
28. 陈滟, 刘虹, 佟建霞, 等. 经颅直流电刺激治疗脑卒中后注意力障碍的1例报告. 中国康复医学杂志, 2017, 32(6): 713-715.
29. Fazeli P L, Woods A J, Pope C N, et al. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training on cognitive functioning in older adults with HIV: A pilot study. Appl Neuropsychol Adult, 2019, 26(1): 36-47.
30. Brem A K, Almquist J NF, Mansfield K, et al. Modulating fluid intelligence performance through combined cognitive training and brain stimulation. Neuropsychologia, 2018, 118: 107-114.
31. Fehring D J, Illipparampil R, Acevedo N, et al. Interaction of task-related learning and transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in modulating executive functions. Neuropsychologia, 2019, 131: 148-159.
32. Das N, Spence J S, Aslan S, et al. Cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized pilot trial. Front Neurosci, 2019, 13: 307.
33. Parthasarathy A, Tang C, Herikstad R, et al. Time-invariant working memory representations in the presence of code-morphing in the lateral prefrontal cortex. BioRxiv, 2019, 10(1): 331-349.
34. Park J C, Bae J W, Kim J, et al. Dynamically changing neuronal activity supporting working memory for predictable and unpredictable durations. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 1-10.
35. Mulquiney P G, Hoy K E, Daskalakis Z J, et al. Improving working memory: Exploring the effect of transcranial random noise stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Clin Neurophysiol, 2011, 122(12): 2384-2389.
36. Martin D M, Mohan A, Alonzo A, et al. A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial of cognitive training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation for amnestic mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis, 2019, 71(2): 503-512.
37. Au J, Katz B, Buschkuehl M, et al. Enhancing working memory training with transcranial direct current stimulation. J Cognitive Neurosci, 2016, 28(9): 1419-1432.
38. McKinley R A, McIntire L, Nelson J, et al. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on training during a complex procedural task// Hale K, Stanney K. Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Cham: Springer, 2017, 488: 173-183.
39. Ruf S P, Fallgatter A J, Plewnia C. Augmentation of working memory training by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 104-114.
40. Ke Yufeng, Wang Ningci, Du Jiale, et al. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory training in healthy young adults. Front Hum Neurosci, 2019, 13: 19.
41. Ikeda T, Takahashi T, Hiraishi H, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation induces high gamma-band activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task: A double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Front Hum Neurosci, 2019, 13: 136.
42. Kolskar K K, Richard G, Alnaes D, et al. A randomized, double blind study of computerized cognitive training in combination with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in stroke patients—utility of fMRI as marker for training outcome. BioRxiv, 2019: 603985.
43. Zwilling C E, Daugherty A M, Hillman C H, et al. Enhanced decision-making through multimodal training. NPJ Sci Learn, 2019, 4(1): 366-377.
44. Ota K, Shinya M, Kudo K. Transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates risk-attitude in motor decision-making. Front Hum Neurosci, 2019, 13: 297.
45. Wiegand A, Sommer A, Nieratschker V, et al. Improvement of cognitive control and stabilization of affect by prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 242-249.
46. Ditye T, Jacobson L, Walsh V, et al. Modulating behavioral inhibition by tDCS combined with cognitive training. Exp Brain Res, 2012, 219(3): 363-368.
47. Gilmore C S, Dickmann P J, Nelson B G, et al. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) paired with a decision-making task reduces risk-taking in a clinically impulsive sample. Brain Stimul, 2017, 11(2): 302-309.
48. Ownby R L, Acevedo A. A pilot study of cognitive training with and without transcranial direct current stimulation to improve cognition in older persons with HIV-related cognitive impairment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2016, 12: 2745-2754.
49. Looi C Y, Lim J, Sella F, et al. Transcranial random noise stimulation and cognitive training to improve learning and cognition of the atypically developing brain: a pilot study. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 300-305.
50. Costanzo F, Rossi S, Varuzza C, et al. Long-lasting improvement following tDCS treatment combined with a training for reading in children and adolescents with dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 2019, 130: 38-43.
51. Gonzalez P C, Fong K N K, Brown T. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the cognitive functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study. Behav Neurol, 2018, 2018: 1-14.
52. Santos V S D S D, Zortea M, Alves R L, et al. Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with working memory training in fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 777-785.
53. 佟建霞, 陈滟, 刘虹, 等. 经颅直流电刺激联合认知功能训练对脑梗死患者认知及日常生活活动能力的影响. 按摩与康复医学, 2019, 10(12): 17-19.
54. Looi C Y, Duta M, Brem A K, et al. Combining brain stimulation and video game to promote long-term transfer of learning and cognitive enhancement. Sci Rep, 2016, 6(4): 366-377.
55. Hope Pan L L, Yang W W, Kao C L, et al. Effects of 8-week sensory electrical stimulation combined with motor training on EEG-EMG coherence and motor function in individuals with stroke. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): e146-e603.
56. Chase H W, Boudewyn M A, Carter C S, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation. Mol Psychiatry, 2020, 25(2): 397-407.
57. 梅晓凤, 赵雪, 王云云, 等. 多成分非药物干预用于轻度认知功能障碍效果的meta分析. 中国循证医学杂志, 2019, 19(2): 180-188.
58. Crus Gonzalez P, Fong K N K, Chung R C K, et al. Can transcranial direct-current stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training be used as a clinical intervention to improve cognitive functioning in persons with mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Hum Neurosci, 2018, 12: 416.
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Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Review of cognitive enhancement techniques based on the combination of cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation

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