Biomedical applications of bionic untethered micro-nano robots_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

ZHOU Ke ^1,2,4 , CHEN Mengmeng ³ , FU Jing ³ , XU Shuai ² ,  YANG Runhuai ³ ,  QIAN Junchao ^2,4,5

1. Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R.China;
2. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P.R.China;
3. School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P.R.China;
4. Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P.R.China;
5. Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

bionic micro-nano robots; untethered micro-nano robots; micro-nano robots; biomedical applications

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202006022

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Bionic untethered micro-nano robots, due to their advantages of small size, low weight, large thrust-to-weight ratio, strong wireless mobility, high flexibility and high sensitivity, have very important application values in the fields of biomedicine, such as disease diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery, targeted therapy, etc. This review article systematically introduced the manufacturing methods and motion control, and discussed the biomedical applications of bionic untethered micro-nano robots. Finally, the article discussed the possible challenges for bionic untethered micro-nano robots in the future. In summary, this review described bionic untethered micro-nano robots and their potential applications in biomedical fields.

Citation： ZHOU Ke, CHEN Mengmeng, FU Jing, XU Shuai, YANG Runhuai, QIAN Junchao. Biomedical applications of bionic untethered micro-nano robots. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2021, 38(5): 1003-1009. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202006022 Copy

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5.	Yang Jia, Zhang Chuang, Wang Xiaodong, et al. Development of micro- and nanorobotics: a review. Sci China Technol Sci, 2019, 62(1): 1-20.
6.	Hajiaghajani A, Kim D, Abdolali A, et al. Patterned magnetic fields for remote steering and wireless powering to a swimming microrobot. IEEE-ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2020, 25(1): 207-216.
7.	Honda T, Arai K I, Ishiyama K. Micro swimming mechanisms propelled by external magnetic fields. IEEE Trans Magn, 1996, 32(5): 5085-5087.
8.	Xiao Y, Jiang Z, Tong X, et al. Biomimetic locomotion of electrically powered “Janus” soft robots using a liquid crystal polymer. Adv Mater, 2019, 31(36): 1903452-1903461.
9.	Nocentini S, Parmeggiani C, Martella D, et al. Optically driven soft micro robotics. Adv Opt Mater, 2018, 6(14): 1800207-1800224.
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11.	Ahmed D, Lu M, Nourhani A, et al. Selectively manipulable acoustic-powered microswimmers. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 9744.
12.	Mu Y, Hu T, Gong H, et al. A dual-stage low-power converter driving for piezoelectric actuator applied in micro robot. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 2019, 16(1): 1-8.
13.	Jang D, Jeong J, Song H, et al. Targeted drug delivery technology using untethered microrobots: a review. J Micromech Microeng, 2019, 29(5): 053002-053027.
14.	Xu D, Wang Y, Liang C, et al. Self-Propelled micro/nanomotors for on-demand biomedical cargo transportation. Small, 2020, 16(27): e1902464.
15.	Ma X, Feng H, Liang C, et al. Mesoporous silica as micro/nano-carrier: from passive to active cargo delivery, a mini review. J Mater Sci Technol, 2017, 33(10): 1067-1074.
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17.	Halder A, Sun Y. Biocompatible propulsion for biomedical micro/nano robotics. Biosens Bioelectron, 2019, 139: 111334.
18.	Park B W, Zhuang J, Yasa O, et al. Multifunctional bacteria-driven microswimmers for targeted active drug delivery. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(9): 8910-8923.
19.	Schuerle S, Soleimany A P, Yeh T, et al. Synthetic and living micropropellers for convection-enhanced nanoparticle transport. Sci Adv, 2019, 5(4): eaav4803.
20.	Zhang H, Mourran A, Möller M. Dynamic switching of helical microgel ribbons. Nano Lett, 2017, 17(3): 2010-2014.
21.	Bagheri A, Jin J. Photopolymerization in 3D printing. ACS Appl Polym Mater, 2019, 1(4): 593-611.
22.	Camposeo A, Persano L, Farsari M, et al. Additive manufacturing: applications and directions in photonics and optoelectronics. Adv Opt Mater, 2019, 7(1): 1800419.
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24.	Wang X P, Qin X H, Hu C Z, et al. 3D printed enzymatically biodegradable soft helical microswimmers. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28(45): 1804107-1804115.
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26.	Bozuyuk U, Yasa O, Yasa I C, et al. Light-triggered drug release from 3D-printed magnetic chitosan microswimmers. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(9): 9617-9625.
27.	Wu Z, Lin X, Zou X, et al. Biodegradable protein-based rockets for drug transportation and light-triggered release. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(1): 250-255.
28.	Utke I, Michler J, Winkler R, et al. Mechanical properties of 3D nanostructures obtained by focused electron/ion beam-induced deposition: a review. Micromachines, 2020, 11(4): 397.
29.	Gray M E, Meehan J, Blair E O, et al. Biocompatibility of common implantable sensor materials in a tumor xenograft model. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research B-Applied Biomaterials, 2019, 107(5): 1620-1633.
30.	Sarath K S, Beena P N, Elessy A. Nanorobots a future device for diagnosis and treatment. J Pharm Pharmaceutics, 2018, 5(1): 44-49.
31.	Field R D, Anandakumaran P N, Sia S K. Soft medical microrobots: design components and system integration. Appl Phys Rev, 2019, 6(4): 041305-041325.
32.	Hortelao A C, Patino T, Perez-Jimenez A, et al. Enzyme-powered nanobots enhance anticancer drug delivery. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28(25): 1705086-1705096.
33.	Soto F, Chrostowski R. Frontiers of medical micro/nanorobotics: in vivo applications and commercialization perspectives toward clinical uses. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2018, 6: 170.
34.	Li J, Li X, Luo T, et al. Development of a magnetic microrobot for carrying and delivering targeted cells. Sci Robot, 2018, 3(19): eaat8829.
35.	Chatzipirpiridis G, Ergeneman O, Pokki J, et al. Electroforming of implantable tubular magnetic microrobots for wireless ophthalmologic applications. Adv Healthc Mater, 2015, 4(2): 209-214.
36.	Mapara S S, Patravale V B. Medical capsule robots: a renaissance for diagnostics, drug delivery and surgical treatment. J Control Release, 2017, 261: 337-351.
37.	Wang B, Kostarelos K, Nelson B J, et al. Trends in micro-/nanorobotics: materials development, actuation, localization, and system integration for biomedical applications. Adv Mater, 2021, 33(4): e2002047.
38.	Wang D, Gao C, Zhou C, et al. Leukocyte membrane-coated liquid metal nanoswimmers for actively targeted delivery and synergistic chemophotothermal therapy. Research, 2020, 2020(3): 3676954.
39.	Liao P, Xing L, Zhang S, et al. Magnetically driven undulatory microswimmers integrating multiple rigid segments. Small, 2019, 15(36): e1901197.
40.	Du X, Cui H, Xu T, et al. Reconfiguration, camouflage, and color-shifting for bioinspired adaptive hydrogel-based millirobots. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30(10): 1909202-1909211.
41.	Kim Y, Parada G A, Liu Shengduo, et al. Ferromagnetic soft continuum robots. Sci Robot, 2019, 4(33): eaax7329.
42.	Koens L, Zhang H, Moeller M, et al. The swimming of a deforming helix. Eur Phys J E S, 2018, 41(10): 119.
43.	Charreyron S L, Boehler Q, Danun A N, et al. A magnetically navigated microcannula for subretinal injections. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2021, 68(1): 119-129.
44.	Yang G Z, Bellingham J, Dupont P E, et al. The grand challenges of Science Robotics. Sci Robot, 2018, 3(14): 7650-7664.
45.	Zhang C, Wang W X, Xi N, et al. Development and future challenges of bio-syncretic robots. Engineering, 2018, 4(4): 452-463.
46.	Oh B, Park Y G, Jung H, et al. Untethered soft robotics with fully integrated wireless sensing and actuating systems for somatosensory and respiratory functions. Soft Robot, 2020, 7(5): 564-573.

1. Ceylan H, Yasa I C, Kilic U, et al. Translational prospects of untethered medical microrobots. Prog Biomed Eng, 2019, 1(1): 012002-012024.
2. Pane S, Puigmarti‐luis J, Bergeles C, et al. Imaging technologies for biomedical micro-and nanoswimmers. Adv Mater Technol, 2019, 4(4): 1800575-1800591.
3. Coyle S, Majidi C, LeDuc P, et al. Bio-inspired soft robotics: material selection, actuation, and design. Extreme Mech Lett, 2018, 22: 51-59.
4. Sitti M. Miniature soft robots-road to the clinic. Nat Rev Mater, 2018, 3(6): 74-75.
5. Yang Jia, Zhang Chuang, Wang Xiaodong, et al. Development of micro- and nanorobotics: a review. Sci China Technol Sci, 2019, 62(1): 1-20.
6. Hajiaghajani A, Kim D, Abdolali A, et al. Patterned magnetic fields for remote steering and wireless powering to a swimming microrobot. IEEE-ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2020, 25(1): 207-216.
7. Honda T, Arai K I, Ishiyama K. Micro swimming mechanisms propelled by external magnetic fields. IEEE Trans Magn, 1996, 32(5): 5085-5087.
8. Xiao Y, Jiang Z, Tong X, et al. Biomimetic locomotion of electrically powered “Janus” soft robots using a liquid crystal polymer. Adv Mater, 2019, 31(36): 1903452-1903461.
9. Nocentini S, Parmeggiani C, Martella D, et al. Optically driven soft micro robotics. Adv Opt Mater, 2018, 6(14): 1800207-1800224.
10. Palagi S, Fischer P. Bioinspired microrobots. Nat Rev Mater, 2018, 3(6): 113-124.
11. Ahmed D, Lu M, Nourhani A, et al. Selectively manipulable acoustic-powered microswimmers. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 9744.
12. Mu Y, Hu T, Gong H, et al. A dual-stage low-power converter driving for piezoelectric actuator applied in micro robot. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 2019, 16(1): 1-8.
13. Jang D, Jeong J, Song H, et al. Targeted drug delivery technology using untethered microrobots: a review. J Micromech Microeng, 2019, 29(5): 053002-053027.
14. Xu D, Wang Y, Liang C, et al. Self-Propelled micro/nanomotors for on-demand biomedical cargo transportation. Small, 2020, 16(27): e1902464.
15. Ma X, Feng H, Liang C, et al. Mesoporous silica as micro/nano-carrier: from passive to active cargo delivery, a mini review. J Mater Sci Technol, 2017, 33(10): 1067-1074.
16. Mou F Z, Kong L, Chen C R, et al. Light-controlled propulsion, aggregation and separation of water-fuelled TiO2/Pt Janus submicromotors and their “on-the-fly” photocatalytic activities. Nanoscale, 2016, 8(9): 4976-4983.
17. Halder A, Sun Y. Biocompatible propulsion for biomedical micro/nano robotics. Biosens Bioelectron, 2019, 139: 111334.
18. Park B W, Zhuang J, Yasa O, et al. Multifunctional bacteria-driven microswimmers for targeted active drug delivery. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(9): 8910-8923.
19. Schuerle S, Soleimany A P, Yeh T, et al. Synthetic and living micropropellers for convection-enhanced nanoparticle transport. Sci Adv, 2019, 5(4): eaav4803.
20. Zhang H, Mourran A, Möller M. Dynamic switching of helical microgel ribbons. Nano Lett, 2017, 17(3): 2010-2014.
21. Bagheri A, Jin J. Photopolymerization in 3D printing. ACS Appl Polym Mater, 2019, 1(4): 593-611.
22. Camposeo A, Persano L, Farsari M, et al. Additive manufacturing: applications and directions in photonics and optoelectronics. Adv Opt Mater, 2019, 7(1): 1800419.
23. Gonzalez-Henriquez C M, Sarabia-Vallejos M A, Rodriguez-Hernandez J. Polymers for additive manufacturing and 4D-printing: materials, methodologies, and biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci, 2019, 94: 57-116.
24. Wang X P, Qin X H, Hu C Z, et al. 3D printed enzymatically biodegradable soft helical microswimmers. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28(45): 1804107-1804115.
25. Lamont A C, Alsharhan A T, Sochol R D. Geometric determinants of in-situ direct laser writing. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 394.
26. Bozuyuk U, Yasa O, Yasa I C, et al. Light-triggered drug release from 3D-printed magnetic chitosan microswimmers. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(9): 9617-9625.
27. Wu Z, Lin X, Zou X, et al. Biodegradable protein-based rockets for drug transportation and light-triggered release. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(1): 250-255.
28. Utke I, Michler J, Winkler R, et al. Mechanical properties of 3D nanostructures obtained by focused electron/ion beam-induced deposition: a review. Micromachines, 2020, 11(4): 397.
29. Gray M E, Meehan J, Blair E O, et al. Biocompatibility of common implantable sensor materials in a tumor xenograft model. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research B-Applied Biomaterials, 2019, 107(5): 1620-1633.
30. Sarath K S, Beena P N, Elessy A. Nanorobots a future device for diagnosis and treatment. J Pharm Pharmaceutics, 2018, 5(1): 44-49.
31. Field R D, Anandakumaran P N, Sia S K. Soft medical microrobots: design components and system integration. Appl Phys Rev, 2019, 6(4): 041305-041325.
32. Hortelao A C, Patino T, Perez-Jimenez A, et al. Enzyme-powered nanobots enhance anticancer drug delivery. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28(25): 1705086-1705096.
33. Soto F, Chrostowski R. Frontiers of medical micro/nanorobotics: in vivo applications and commercialization perspectives toward clinical uses. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2018, 6: 170.
34. Li J, Li X, Luo T, et al. Development of a magnetic microrobot for carrying and delivering targeted cells. Sci Robot, 2018, 3(19): eaat8829.
35. Chatzipirpiridis G, Ergeneman O, Pokki J, et al. Electroforming of implantable tubular magnetic microrobots for wireless ophthalmologic applications. Adv Healthc Mater, 2015, 4(2): 209-214.
36. Mapara S S, Patravale V B. Medical capsule robots: a renaissance for diagnostics, drug delivery and surgical treatment. J Control Release, 2017, 261: 337-351.
37. Wang B, Kostarelos K, Nelson B J, et al. Trends in micro-/nanorobotics: materials development, actuation, localization, and system integration for biomedical applications. Adv Mater, 2021, 33(4): e2002047.
38. Wang D, Gao C, Zhou C, et al. Leukocyte membrane-coated liquid metal nanoswimmers for actively targeted delivery and synergistic chemophotothermal therapy. Research, 2020, 2020(3): 3676954.
39. Liao P, Xing L, Zhang S, et al. Magnetically driven undulatory microswimmers integrating multiple rigid segments. Small, 2019, 15(36): e1901197.
40. Du X, Cui H, Xu T, et al. Reconfiguration, camouflage, and color-shifting for bioinspired adaptive hydrogel-based millirobots. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30(10): 1909202-1909211.
41. Kim Y, Parada G A, Liu Shengduo, et al. Ferromagnetic soft continuum robots. Sci Robot, 2019, 4(33): eaax7329.
42. Koens L, Zhang H, Moeller M, et al. The swimming of a deforming helix. Eur Phys J E S, 2018, 41(10): 119.
43. Charreyron S L, Boehler Q, Danun A N, et al. A magnetically navigated microcannula for subretinal injections. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2021, 68(1): 119-129.
44. Yang G Z, Bellingham J, Dupont P E, et al. The grand challenges of Science Robotics. Sci Robot, 2018, 3(14): 7650-7664.
45. Zhang C, Wang W X, Xi N, et al. Development and future challenges of bio-syncretic robots. Engineering, 2018, 4(4): 452-463.
46. Oh B, Park Y G, Jung H, et al. Untethered soft robotics with fully integrated wireless sensing and actuating systems for somatosensory and respiratory functions. Soft Robot, 2020, 7(5): 564-573.

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