Application of nanocellulose in flexible sensors_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

SUN Peng ¹ , DU Yunyi ² , YUAN Xubo ¹ ,  HOU Xin ¹ ,  ZHAO Jin ¹

1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China;
2. Environmental Technology Development of TIWTE, Tianjin 300456, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Nanocellulose; Smart healthcare; Flexible substrates; Sensors

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202104074

Video：

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The shortage of medical resources promotes medical treatment reform, and smart healthcare is a promising strategy to solve this problem. With the development of Internet, real-time health status is expected to be monitored at home by using flexible healthcare systems, which puts forward new demands on flexible substrates for sensors. Currently, the flexible substrates are mainly traditional petroleum-based polymers, which are not renewable. As a natural polymer, cellulose, owing to its wide range of sources, convenient processing, biodegradability and so on, is an ideal alternative. In this review, the application progress of nanocellulose in flexible sensors is summarized. The structure and the modification methods of cellulose and nanocellulose are introduced at first, and then the application of nanocellulose flexible sensors in real-time medical monitoring is summarized. Finally, the advantages and future challenges of nanocellulose in the field of flexible sensors are discussed.

Citation： SUN Peng, DU Yunyi, YUAN Xubo, HOU Xin, ZHAO Jin. Application of nanocellulose in flexible sensors. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2022, 39(1): 185-191. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202104074 Copy

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6.	Wang C, Yokota T, Someya T. Natural biopolymer-based biocompatible conductors for stretchable bioelectronics. Chem Rev, 2021, 121(4): 2109-2146.
7.	Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S, et al. Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2011, 50(24): 5438-5466.
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9.	Eichhorn S J, Dufresne A, Aranguren M, et al. Review: current international research into cellulose nanofibers and nanocomposites. J Mater Sci, 2010, 45(1): 1-33.
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11.	Tu H, Zhu M, Duan B, et al. Recent progress in high-strength and robust regenerated cellulose materials. Adv Mater, 2021, 33(28): e2000682.
12.	Ngwabebhoh F A, Yildiz U. Nature‐derived fibrous nanomaterial toward biomedicine and environmental remediation: today's state and future prospects. J Appl Polym Sci, 2019, 136(35): 47878.
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14.	Uzun S, Seyedin S, Stoltzfus A L, et al. Knittable and washable multifunctional MXene‐coated cellulose yarns. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29(45): 1905015.
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16.	Promphet N, Hinestroza J P, Rattanawaleedirojn P, et al. Cotton thread-based wearable sensor for non-invasive simultaneous diagnosis of diabetes and kidney failure. Sens Actuators B Chem, 2020, 321: 128549.
17.	Teng Y C, Wei J, Du H B, et al. A solar and thermal multi-sensing microfiber supercapacitor with intelligent self-conditioned capacitance and body temperature monitoring. J Mater Chem A, 2020, 8(23): 11695-11711.
18.	Jing C, Liu W, Hao H, et al. Regenerated and rotation-induced cellulose-wrapped oriented CNT fibers for wearable multifunctional sensors. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(30): 16305-16314.
19.	Cai G, Hao B W, Luo L, et al. Highly stretchable Sheath-core yarns for multifunctional wearable electronics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(26): 29717-29727.
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21.	Cao W T, Ma C, Mao D S, et al. MXene‐reinforced cellulose nanofibril inks for 3D‐printed smart fibres and textiles. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29(51): 1905898.
22.	Dai L, Wang Y, Zou X, et al. Ultrasensitive physical, bio, and chemical sensors derived from 1-, 2-, and 3-D nanocellulosic materials. Small, 2020, 16(13): e1906567.
23.	Ahankari S S, Subhedar A R, Bhadauria S S, et al. Nanocellulose in food packaging: a review. Carbohydr Polym, 2021, 255: 117479.
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27.	Matzeu G, Florea L, Diamond D. Advances in wearable chemical sensor design for monitoring biological fluids. Sens Actuator B Chem, 2015, 211: 403-418.
28.	Gomes N O, Carrilho E, Machado S A S, et al. Bacterial cellulose-based electrochemical sensing platform: a smart material for miniaturized biosensors. Electrochim Acta, 2020, 349: 136341.
29.	Kim J W, Park H, Lee G, et al. Paper‐like, thin, foldable, and self‐healable electronics based on PVA/CNC nanocomposite film. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29(50): 1905968.
30.	Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhou J, et al. Flexible and transparent cellulose-based ionic film as a humidity sensor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(6): 7631-7638.
31.	Han L, Cui S, Yu H Y, et al. Self-healable conductive nanocellulose nanocomposites for biocompatible electronic skin sensor systems. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(47): 44642-44651.
32.	Peng Q Y, Chen J S, Wang T, et al. Recent advances in designing conductive hydrogels for flexible electronics. InfoMat, 2020, 2(5): 843-856.
33.	Han J Q, Wang H X, Yue Y Y, et al. A self-healable and highly flexible supercapacitor integrated by dynamically cross-linked electro-conductive hydrogels based on nanocellulose-templated carbon nanotubes embedded in a viscoelastic polymer network. Carbon, 2019, 149: 1-18.
34.	Xu X Z, Hsieh Y L. Aqueous exfoliated graphene by amphiphilic nanocellulose and its application in moisture-responsive foldable actuators. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(24): 11719-11729.
35.	Chen C, Qing J F, Lei M, et al. Recent progress in natural biopolymers conductive hydrogels for flexible wearable sensors and energy devices: materials, structures, and performance. ACS Appl Bio Mater, 2021, 4(1): 85-121.
36.	Wang M, Li R N, Feng X, et al. Cellulose nanofiber-reinforced ionic conductors for multifunctional sensors and devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(24): 27545-27554.
37.	Kang J. Tok J B-H, Bao Z N. Self-healing soft electronics. Nat Electron, 2019, 2(4): 144-150.
38.	Deng Z X, Wang H, Ma P X, et al. Self-healing conductive hydrogels: preparation, properties and applications. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(3): 1224-1246.
39.	Xu J H, Chen W, Wang C, et al. Extremely stretchable, self-healable elastomers with tunable mechanical properties: synthesis and applications. Chem Mater, 2018, 30(17): 6026-6039.
40.	Ye Y H, Zhang Y F, Chen Y, et al. Cellulose nanofibrils enhanced, strong, stretchable, freezing‐tolerant ionic conductive organohydrogel for multi‐functional sensors. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30(35): 2003430.
41.	Zhou Z X, Qian C H, Yuan W Z. Self-healing, anti-freezing, adhesive and remoldable hydrogel sensor with ion-liquid metal dual conductivity for biomimetic skin. Compos Sci Technol, 2021, 203: 108608.
42.	Shao C Y, Wang M, Meng L, et al. Mussel-inspired cellulose nanocomposite tough hydrogels with synergistic self-healing, adhesive, and strain-sensitive properties. Chem Mater, 2018, 30(9): 3110-3121.
43.	Song M L, Yu H Y, Zhu J Y, et al. Constructing stimuli-free self-healing, robust and ultrasensitive biocompatible hydrogel sensors with conductive cellulose nanocrystals. Chem Eng J, 2020, 398: 125547.
44.	Wang S, Xiang J, Sun Y, et al. Skin-inspired nanofibrillated cellulose-reinforced hydrogels with high mechanical strength, long-term antibacterial, and self-recovery ability for wearable strain/pressure sensors. Carbohydr Polym, 2021, 261: 117894.
45.	Chang H, Kim S, Kang T H, et al. Wearable piezoresistive sensors with ultrawide pressure range and circuit compatibility based on conductive-island-bridging nanonetworks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(35): 32291-32300.

1. Mohanty S P, Choppali U, Kougianos E. Everything you wanted to know about smart cities:the Internet of things is the backbone. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 2016, 5(3): 60-70.
2. Zhao D W, Zhu Y, Cheng W K, et al. Cellulose-based flexible functional materials for emerging intelligent electronics. Adv Mater, 2021, 33(28): e2000619.
3. Thomas B, Raj M C, Athira K B, et al. Nanocellulose, a versatile green platform: from biosources to materials and their applications. Chem Rev, 2018, 118(24): 11575-11625.
4. Jian Muqiang, Zhang Yingying, Liu Zhongfan. Natural biopolymers for flexible sensing and energy devices. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2020, 38(5): 459-490.
5. Lazarini S C, de Aquino R, Amaral A C, et al. Characterization of bilayer bacterial cellulose membranes with different fiber densities: a promising system for controlled release of the antibiotic ceftriaxone. Cellulose, 2016, 23(1): 737-748.
6. Wang C, Yokota T, Someya T. Natural biopolymer-based biocompatible conductors for stretchable bioelectronics. Chem Rev, 2021, 121(4): 2109-2146.
7. Klemm D, Kramer F, Moritz S, et al. Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2011, 50(24): 5438-5466.
8. Moon R J, Martini A, Nairn J, et al. Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chem Soc Rev, 2011, 40(7): 3941-3994.
9. Eichhorn S J, Dufresne A, Aranguren M, et al. Review: current international research into cellulose nanofibers and nanocomposites. J Mater Sci, 2010, 45(1): 1-33.
10. Thakur V, Guleria A, Kumar S, et al. Recent advances in nanocellulose processing, functionalization and applications: a review. Mater Adv, 2021, 2(8): 1872-1895.
11. Tu H, Zhu M, Duan B, et al. Recent progress in high-strength and robust regenerated cellulose materials. Adv Mater, 2021, 33(28): e2000682.
12. Ngwabebhoh F A, Yildiz U. Nature‐derived fibrous nanomaterial toward biomedicine and environmental remediation: today's state and future prospects. J Appl Polym Sci, 2019, 136(35): 47878.
13. Zhang J, Seyedin S, Gu Z J, et al. MXene: a potential candidate for yarn supercapacitors. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(47): 18604-18608.
14. Uzun S, Seyedin S, Stoltzfus A L, et al. Knittable and washable multifunctional MXene‐coated cellulose yarns. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29(45): 1905015.
15. Ghaffari R, Rogers J A, Ray T R. Recent progress, challenges, and opportunities for wearable biochemical sensors for sweat analysis. Sens Actuators B Chem, 2021, 332: 129447.
16. Promphet N, Hinestroza J P, Rattanawaleedirojn P, et al. Cotton thread-based wearable sensor for non-invasive simultaneous diagnosis of diabetes and kidney failure. Sens Actuators B Chem, 2020, 321: 128549.
17. Teng Y C, Wei J, Du H B, et al. A solar and thermal multi-sensing microfiber supercapacitor with intelligent self-conditioned capacitance and body temperature monitoring. J Mater Chem A, 2020, 8(23): 11695-11711.
18. Jing C, Liu W, Hao H, et al. Regenerated and rotation-induced cellulose-wrapped oriented CNT fibers for wearable multifunctional sensors. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(30): 16305-16314.
19. Cai G, Hao B W, Luo L, et al. Highly stretchable Sheath-core yarns for multifunctional wearable electronics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(26): 29717-29727.
20. Lukatskaya M R, Kota S, Lin Z, et al. Ultra-high-rate pseudocapacitive energy storage in two-dimensional transition metal carbides. Nat Energy, 2017, 2(8): 17105.
21. Cao W T, Ma C, Mao D S, et al. MXene‐reinforced cellulose nanofibril inks for 3D‐printed smart fibres and textiles. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29(51): 1905898.
22. Dai L, Wang Y, Zou X, et al. Ultrasensitive physical, bio, and chemical sensors derived from 1-, 2-, and 3-D nanocellulosic materials. Small, 2020, 16(13): e1906567.
23. Ahankari S S, Subhedar A R, Bhadauria S S, et al. Nanocellulose in food packaging: a review. Carbohydr Polym, 2021, 255: 117479.
24. Jung M, Kim K, Kim B, et al. Vertically stacked nanocellulose tactile sensor. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(44): 17212-17219.
25. Rösing C K, Loesche W. Halitosis: an overview of epidemiology, etiology and clinical management. Braz Oral Res, 2011, 25(5): 466-471.
26. Abdel Rahman N S, Greish Y E, Mahmoud S T, et al. Fabrication and characterization of cellulose acetate-based nanofibers and nanofilms for H₂S gas sensing application. Carbohydr Polym, 2021, 258: 117643.
27. Matzeu G, Florea L, Diamond D. Advances in wearable chemical sensor design for monitoring biological fluids. Sens Actuator B Chem, 2015, 211: 403-418.
28. Gomes N O, Carrilho E, Machado S A S, et al. Bacterial cellulose-based electrochemical sensing platform: a smart material for miniaturized biosensors. Electrochim Acta, 2020, 349: 136341.
29. Kim J W, Park H, Lee G, et al. Paper‐like, thin, foldable, and self‐healable electronics based on PVA/CNC nanocomposite film. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29(50): 1905968.
30. Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhou J, et al. Flexible and transparent cellulose-based ionic film as a humidity sensor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(6): 7631-7638.
31. Han L, Cui S, Yu H Y, et al. Self-healable conductive nanocellulose nanocomposites for biocompatible electronic skin sensor systems. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(47): 44642-44651.
32. Peng Q Y, Chen J S, Wang T, et al. Recent advances in designing conductive hydrogels for flexible electronics. InfoMat, 2020, 2(5): 843-856.
33. Han J Q, Wang H X, Yue Y Y, et al. A self-healable and highly flexible supercapacitor integrated by dynamically cross-linked electro-conductive hydrogels based on nanocellulose-templated carbon nanotubes embedded in a viscoelastic polymer network. Carbon, 2019, 149: 1-18.
34. Xu X Z, Hsieh Y L. Aqueous exfoliated graphene by amphiphilic nanocellulose and its application in moisture-responsive foldable actuators. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(24): 11719-11729.
35. Chen C, Qing J F, Lei M, et al. Recent progress in natural biopolymers conductive hydrogels for flexible wearable sensors and energy devices: materials, structures, and performance. ACS Appl Bio Mater, 2021, 4(1): 85-121.
36. Wang M, Li R N, Feng X, et al. Cellulose nanofiber-reinforced ionic conductors for multifunctional sensors and devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(24): 27545-27554.
37. Kang J. Tok J B-H, Bao Z N. Self-healing soft electronics. Nat Electron, 2019, 2(4): 144-150.
38. Deng Z X, Wang H, Ma P X, et al. Self-healing conductive hydrogels: preparation, properties and applications. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(3): 1224-1246.
39. Xu J H, Chen W, Wang C, et al. Extremely stretchable, self-healable elastomers with tunable mechanical properties: synthesis and applications. Chem Mater, 2018, 30(17): 6026-6039.
40. Ye Y H, Zhang Y F, Chen Y, et al. Cellulose nanofibrils enhanced, strong, stretchable, freezing‐tolerant ionic conductive organohydrogel for multi‐functional sensors. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30(35): 2003430.
41. Zhou Z X, Qian C H, Yuan W Z. Self-healing, anti-freezing, adhesive and remoldable hydrogel sensor with ion-liquid metal dual conductivity for biomimetic skin. Compos Sci Technol, 2021, 203: 108608.
42. Shao C Y, Wang M, Meng L, et al. Mussel-inspired cellulose nanocomposite tough hydrogels with synergistic self-healing, adhesive, and strain-sensitive properties. Chem Mater, 2018, 30(9): 3110-3121.
43. Song M L, Yu H Y, Zhu J Y, et al. Constructing stimuli-free self-healing, robust and ultrasensitive biocompatible hydrogel sensors with conductive cellulose nanocrystals. Chem Eng J, 2020, 398: 125547.
44. Wang S, Xiang J, Sun Y, et al. Skin-inspired nanofibrillated cellulose-reinforced hydrogels with high mechanical strength, long-term antibacterial, and self-recovery ability for wearable strain/pressure sensors. Carbohydr Polym, 2021, 261: 117894.
45. Chang H, Kim S, Kang T H, et al. Wearable piezoresistive sensors with ultrawide pressure range and circuit compatibility based on conductive-island-bridging nanonetworks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(35): 32291-32300.

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Application of nanocellulose in flexible sensors

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