Study on transport of small molecule rhodamine B within different layers of cartilage_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

QUAN Zhou ^1,2 ,  TAN Yansong ^1,2 ,  GAO Lilan ^1,2 , SHI Yanping ³ , LI Ruixin ⁴ , ZHANG Chunqiu ^1,2

1. Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China;
2. National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin 300384, P. R. China;
3. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China;
4. Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin 300041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

TAN Yansong, Email: tomorrow2012@163.com; GAO Lilan, Email: gaolilan780921@163.com

Keywords：

Small molecule; Cartilage; Different layers; Mass transfer; Pathway

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202205083

Video：

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The small molecule nutrients and cell growth factors required for the normal metabolism of chondrocyte mainly transport into the cartilage through free diffusion. However, the specific mass transfer law in the cartilage remains to be studied. In this study, using small molecule rhodamine B as tracer, the mass transfer models of cartilage were built under different pathways including surface pathway, lateral pathway and composite pathway. Sections of cartilage at different mass transfer times were observed by using laser confocal microscopy and the transport law of small molecules within different layers of cartilage was studied. The results showed that rhodamine B diffused into the whole cartilage layer through surface pathway within 2 h. The fluorescence intensity in the whole cartilage layer increased with the increase of mass transfer time. Compared to mass transfer of 2 h, the mean fluorescence intensity in the superficial, middle, and deep layers of cartilage increased by 1.83, 1.95, and 3.64 times, respectively, after 24 h of mass transfer. Under lateral path condition, rhodamine B was transported along the cartilage width, and the molecular transport distance increased with increasing mass transfer time. It is noted that rhodamine B could be transported to 2 mm away from cartilage side after 24 h of mass transfer. The effect of mass transfer under the composite path was better than those under the surface path and the lateral path, and especially the mass transfer in the deep layer of cartilage was improved. This study may provide a reference for the treatment and repair of cartilage injury.

Citation： QUAN Zhou, TAN Yansong, GAO Lilan, SHI Yanping, LI Ruixin, ZHANG Chunqiu. Study on transport of small molecule rhodamine B within different layers of cartilage. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2022, 39(6): 1149-1157. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.202205083 Copy

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2.	Nims R J, Cigan A D, Albro M B, et al. Synthesis rates and binding kinetics of matrix products in engineered cartilage constructs using chondrocyte-seeded agarose gels. J Biomech, 2014, 47(9): 2165-2172.
3.	Hung C T, Lima E G, Mauck R L, et al. Anatomically shaped osteochondral constructs for articular cartilage repair. J Biomech, 2003, 36(12): 1853-1864.
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6.	Graham B T, Moore A C, Burris D L, et al. Mapping the spatiotemporal evolution of solute transport in articular cartilage explants reveals how cartilage recovers fluid within the contact area during sliding. J Biomech, 2018, 71: 271-276.
7.	Graham B T, Moore A C, Burris D L, et al. Sliding enhances fluid and solute transport into buried articular cartilage contacts. Osteoarthr Cartilage, 2017, 25(12): 2100-2107.
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14.	Didomenico C D, Bonassar L J. The effect of charge and mechanical loading on antibody diffusion through the articular surface of cartilage. J Biomech Eng, 2019, 141(1): 1-7.
15.	Kokkonen H T, Chin H C, Töyräs J, et al. Solute transport of negatively charged contrast agents across articular surface of injured cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng, 2017, 45(4): 973-981.
16.	Entezari V, Bansal P N, Stewart R C, et al. Effect of mechanical convection on the partitioning of an anionic iodinated contrast agent in intact patellar cartilage. J Orthop Res, 2014, 32(10): 1333-1340.
17.	Didomenico C D, Goodearl A, Yarilina A, et al. The effect of antibody size and mechanical loading on solute diffusion through the articular surface of cartilage. J Biomech Eng, 2017, 139(9): 1-8.
18.	Kulmala K A M, Korhonen R K, Julkunen P, et al. Diffusion coefficients of articular cartilage for different CT and MRI contrast agents. Med Eng Phys, 2010, 32(8): 878-882.
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21.	Leddy H A, Guilak F. Site-specific molecular diffusion in articular cartilage measured using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Ann Biomed Eng, 2003, 31(7): 753-760.
22.	Sampson S L, Sylvia M, Fields A J. Effects of dynamic loading on solute transport through the human cartilage endplate. J Biomech, 2019, 83: 273-279.
23.	Didomenico C D, Kaghazchi A, Bonassar L J. Measurement of local diffusion and composition in degraded articular cartilage reveals the unique role of surface structure in controlling macromolecular transport. J Biomech, 2019, 82: 38-45.
24.	Chin H C, Moeini M, Quinn T M. Solute transport across the articular surface of injured cartilage. Arch Biochem Biophys, 2013, 535(2): 241-247.
25.	Sophia Fox A J, Bedi A, Rodeo S A. The basic science of articular cartilage: structure, composition, and function. Sports Health, 2009, 1(6): 461-468.
26.	Travascio F, Devaux F, Volz M, et al. Molecular and macromolecular diffusion in human meniscus: relationships with tissue structure and composition. Osteoarthr Cartilage, 2020, 28(3): 375-382.
27.	王宇泽, 段王平, 曾令员, 等. 聚氯乙烯造模阻断关节液对关节软骨影响的研究. 中华关节外科杂志(电子版), 2015, 9(4): 488-494.
28.	Shafieyan Y, Khosravi N, Moeini M, et al. Diffusion of MRI and CT contrast agents in articular cartilage under static compression. Biophys J, 2014, 107(2): 485-492.
29.	Fetter N L, Leddy H A, Guilak F, et al. Composition and transport properties of human ankle and knee cartilage. J Orthop Res, 2006, 24(2): 211-219.
30.	Leddy H A, Haider M A, Guilak F. Diffusional anisotropy in collagenous tissues: fluorescence imaging of continuous point photobleaching. Biophys J, 2006, 91(1): 311-316.

1. Nimer E, Schneiderman R, Maroudas A. Diffusion and partition of solutes in cartilage under static load. Biophys Chem, 2003, 106(2): 125-146.
2. Nims R J, Cigan A D, Albro M B, et al. Synthesis rates and binding kinetics of matrix products in engineered cartilage constructs using chondrocyte-seeded agarose gels. J Biomech, 2014, 47(9): 2165-2172.
3. Hung C T, Lima E G, Mauck R L, et al. Anatomically shaped osteochondral constructs for articular cartilage repair. J Biomech, 2003, 36(12): 1853-1864.
4. Didomenico C D, Lintz M, Bonassar L J. Molecular transport in articular cartilage—what have we learned from the past 50 years. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2018, 14(7): 393-403.
5. Evans R C, Quinn T M. Dynamic compression augments interstitial transport of a glucose-like solute in articular cartilage. Biophys J, 2006, 91(4): 1541-1547.
6. Graham B T, Moore A C, Burris D L, et al. Mapping the spatiotemporal evolution of solute transport in articular cartilage explants reveals how cartilage recovers fluid within the contact area during sliding. J Biomech, 2018, 71: 271-276.
7. Graham B T, Moore A C, Burris D L, et al. Sliding enhances fluid and solute transport into buried articular cartilage contacts. Osteoarthr Cartilage, 2017, 25(12): 2100-2107.
8. Culliton K N, Speirs A D. Sliding contact accelerates solute transport into the cartilage surface compared to axial loading. Osteoarthr Cartilage, 2021, 29(9): 1362-1369.
9. Didomenico C D, Wang Zhenxiang, Bonassar L J. Cyclic mechanical loading enhances transport of antibodies into articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng, 2017, 139(1): 1-7.
10. Quinn T M, Kocian P, Meister J. Static compression is associated with decreased diffusivity of dextrans in cartilage explants. Arch Biochem Biophys, 2000, 384(2): 327-334.
11. Evans R C, Quinn T M. Solute convection in dynamically compressed cartilage. J Biomech, 2006, 39(6): 1048-1055.
12. Pouran B, Arbabi V, Zadpoor A A, et al. Isolated effects of external bath osmolality, solute concentration, and electrical charge on solute transport across articular cartilage. Med Eng Phys, 2016, 38(12): 1399-1407.
13. Silvast T S, Jurvelin J S, Tiitu V, et al. Bath concentration of anionic contrast agents does not affect their diffusion and distribution in articular cartilage in vitro. Cartilage, 2013, 4(1): 42-51.
14. Didomenico C D, Bonassar L J. The effect of charge and mechanical loading on antibody diffusion through the articular surface of cartilage. J Biomech Eng, 2019, 141(1): 1-7.
15. Kokkonen H T, Chin H C, Töyräs J, et al. Solute transport of negatively charged contrast agents across articular surface of injured cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng, 2017, 45(4): 973-981.
16. Entezari V, Bansal P N, Stewart R C, et al. Effect of mechanical convection on the partitioning of an anionic iodinated contrast agent in intact patellar cartilage. J Orthop Res, 2014, 32(10): 1333-1340.
17. Didomenico C D, Goodearl A, Yarilina A, et al. The effect of antibody size and mechanical loading on solute diffusion through the articular surface of cartilage. J Biomech Eng, 2017, 139(9): 1-8.
18. Kulmala K A M, Korhonen R K, Julkunen P, et al. Diffusion coefficients of articular cartilage for different CT and MRI contrast agents. Med Eng Phys, 2010, 32(8): 878-882.
19. Shoga J S, Graham B T, Wang Liyun, et al. Direct quantification of solute diffusivity in agarose and articular cartilage using correlation spectroscopy. Ann Biomed Eng, 2017, 45(10): 2461-2474.
20. Travascio F, Valladares-Prieto S, Jackson A R. Effects of solute size and tissue composition on molecular and macromolecular diffusivity in human knee cartilage. Osteoarthr Cartilage Open, 2020, 2(4): 1-7.
21. Leddy H A, Guilak F. Site-specific molecular diffusion in articular cartilage measured using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Ann Biomed Eng, 2003, 31(7): 753-760.
22. Sampson S L, Sylvia M, Fields A J. Effects of dynamic loading on solute transport through the human cartilage endplate. J Biomech, 2019, 83: 273-279.
23. Didomenico C D, Kaghazchi A, Bonassar L J. Measurement of local diffusion and composition in degraded articular cartilage reveals the unique role of surface structure in controlling macromolecular transport. J Biomech, 2019, 82: 38-45.
24. Chin H C, Moeini M, Quinn T M. Solute transport across the articular surface of injured cartilage. Arch Biochem Biophys, 2013, 535(2): 241-247.
25. Sophia Fox A J, Bedi A, Rodeo S A. The basic science of articular cartilage: structure, composition, and function. Sports Health, 2009, 1(6): 461-468.
26. Travascio F, Devaux F, Volz M, et al. Molecular and macromolecular diffusion in human meniscus: relationships with tissue structure and composition. Osteoarthr Cartilage, 2020, 28(3): 375-382.
27. 王宇泽, 段王平, 曾令员, 等. 聚氯乙烯造模阻断关节液对关节软骨影响的研究. 中华关节外科杂志(电子版), 2015, 9(4): 488-494.
28. Shafieyan Y, Khosravi N, Moeini M, et al. Diffusion of MRI and CT contrast agents in articular cartilage under static compression. Biophys J, 2014, 107(2): 485-492.
29. Fetter N L, Leddy H A, Guilak F, et al. Composition and transport properties of human ankle and knee cartilage. J Orthop Res, 2006, 24(2): 211-219.
30. Leddy H A, Haider M A, Guilak F. Diffusional anisotropy in collagenous tissues: fluorescence imaging of continuous point photobleaching. Biophys J, 2006, 91(1): 311-316.

Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Study on transport of small molecule rhodamine B within different layers of cartilage

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