机械通气(mechanical ventilation,MV)作为全身麻醉和生命支持的必要手段,在手术和危重患者的呼吸治疗中占有重要地位;然而,使用不当可能给患者带来潜在的损害,可诱发或加重肺部病变,如呼吸机相关性肺损伤(ventilator-induced lung injury,VILI),保护性肺通气是一种新的MV模式,能在一定程度上减轻肺损伤的程度。既往已有研究发现高碳酸血症的治疗性生理效应,且近年提出在保护性通气模式下允许一定程度的高碳酸血症,即允许性高碳酸血症(permissive hypercapnia,PHC),有望改善患者的转归。目前,PHC 在围术期及重症患者的 MV 治疗中逐渐增加,其有效性已被证实,但保护机制、适应证及禁忌证仍不完全明确,二氧化碳的允许范围、安全界限等方面仍缺乏共识。该文将近年来关于机械通气导致 VILI 的相关机制和 PHC 的研究结果作一综述。
Citation: 岳建明, 刘斌. 允许性高碳酸血症在预防呼吸机相关性肺损伤中的作用. West China Medical Journal, 2017, 32(6): 940-944. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.201511168 Copy
Copyright © the editorial department of West China Medical Journal of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
1. | Do-Umehara HC, Chen C, Urich D, et al. Suppression of inflammation and acute lung injury by Miz1 via repression of C/EBP-δ. Nat Immunol, 2013, 14(5): 461-469. |
2. | Needham DM, Colantuoni E, Mendez-Tellez PA, et al. Lung protective mechanical ventilation and two year survival in patients with acute lung injury: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 2012, 344: e2124. |
3. | Protti A, Cressoni M, Santini A, et al. Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation: any safe threshold? Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011, 183(10): 1354-1362. |
4. | Gattinoni L, Protti A, Caironi P, et al. Ventilator-induced lung injury: the anatomical and physiological framework. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(10 Suppl): S539-S548. |
5. | Slutsky AS, Ranieri VM. Ventilator-induced lung injury. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(22): 2126-2136. |
6. | Wu H, Kobayashi T, Wan Q, et al. Effects of surfactant replacement on alveolar overdistension and plasma cytokines in ventilator-induced lung injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2010, 54(3): 354-361. |
7. | Carrasco Loza R, Villamizar Rodríguez G, Medel Fernández N. Ventilator-Induced lung injury (VILI) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): volutrauma and molecular effects. Open Respir Med J, 2015, 9: 112-119. |
8. | Kneyber MC, Zhang H, Slutsky AS. Ventilator-induced lung injury. Similarity and differences between children and adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2014, 190(3): 258-265. |
9. | Liu YY, Chiang CH, Chuang CH, et al. Spillover of cytokines and reactive Oxygen species in ventilator-induced lung injury associated with inflammation and apoptosis in distal organs. Respir Care, 2014, 59(9): 1422-1432. |
10. | Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Cadringher P, et al. Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2008, 178(4): 346-355. |
11. | Han B, Lodyga M, Liu M. Ventilator-induced lung injury: role of protein-protein interaction in mechanosensation. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 2005, 2(3): 181-187. |
12. | De Prost N, Dreyfuss D, Saumon G. Evaluation of two-way protein fluxes across the alveolo-capillary membrane by scintigraphy in rats: effect of lung inflation. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2007, 102(2): 794-802. |
13. | Albert RK. The role of ventilation-induced surfactant dysfunction and atelectasis in causing acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012, 185(7): 702-708. |
14. | Mead J, Takishima T, Leith D. Stress distribution in lungs: a model of pulmonary elasticity. J Appl Physiol, 1970, 28(5): 596-608. |
15. | dos Santos CC, Slutsky AS. The contribution of biophysical lung injury to the development of biotrauma. Annu Rev Physiol, 2006, 68: 585-618. |
16. | Liu D, Yan Z, Minshall RD, et al. Activation of calpains mediates early lung neutrophilic inflammation in ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2012, 302(4): L370-L379. |
17. | 戴惠军, 潘灵辉, 林飞, 等. 肺泡巨噬细胞 Toll 样受体 9-髓样分化因子 88 信号通路在呼吸机相关性肺损伤中的作用机制研究. 中华危重病急救医学, 2014, 26(5): 289-293. |
18. | BENDIXEN HH, HEDLEY-WHYTE J, LAVER MB. Impaired oxygenation in surgical patients during general anesthesia controlled ventilation. A concept of atelectasis. N Engl J Med, 1963, 269: 991-996. |
19. | Gajic O, Dara SI, Mendez JL, et al. Ventilator-associated lung injury in patients without acute lung injury at the onset of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(9): 1817-1824. |
20. | Gajic O, Frutos-Vivar F, Esteban A, et al. Ventilator settings as a risk factor for acute respiratory distress syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med, 2005, 31(7): 922-926. |
21. | Hickling KG, Henderson SJ, Jackson R. Low mortality associated with low volume pressure limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med, 1990, 16(6): 372-377. |
22. | Peng G, Ivanovska J, Kantores C, et al. Sustained therapeutic hypercapnia attenuates pulmonary arterial Rho-kinase activity and ameliorates chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in juvenile rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2012, 302(12): H2599-H2611. |
23. | Dunlop K, Gosal K, Kantores C, et al. Therapeutic hypercapnia prevents inhaled nitric oxide-induced right-ventricular systolic dysfunction in juvenile rats. Free Radic Biol Med, 2014, 69: 35-49. |
24. | Emery MJ, Eveland RL, Min JH, et al. CO2 relaxation of the rat lung parenchymal strip. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 2013, 186(1): 33-39. |
25. | Taghavi S, Jayarajan SN, Ferrer LM, et al. "Permissive hypoventilation" in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2014, 77(1): 14-19. |
26. | Nnorom CC, Davis C, Fedinec AL, et al. Contributions of KATP and KCa channels to cerebral arteriolar dilation to hypercapnia in neonatal brain. Physiol Rep, 2014, 2(8). pii: e12127. |
27. | Peltekova V, Engelberts D, Otulakowski G, et al. Hypercapnic acidosis in ventilator-induced lung injury. Intensive Care Med, 2010, 36(5): 869-878. |
28. | Contreras M, Ansari B, Curley G, et al. Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates ventilation-induced lung injury by a nuclear factor-κB-dependent mechanism. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(9): 2622-2630. |
29. | Yang WC, Song CY, Wang N, et al. Hypercapnic acidosis confers antioxidant and anti-apoptosis effects against ventilator-induced lung injury. Lab Invest, 2013, 93(12): 1339-1349. |
30. | Otulakowski G, Engelberts D, Gusarova GA, et al. Hypercapnia attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury via a disintegrin and metalloprotease-17. J Physiol, 2014, 592(20): 4507-4521. |
31. | Schellekens WJ, Van Hees HW, Kox M, et al. Hypercapnia attenuates ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy and modulates dysfunction. Crit Care, 2014, 18(1): R28. |
32. | Gao W, Liu DD, Li D, et al. Effects of hypercapnia on T cells in lung ischemia/reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Exp Biol Med, 2014, 239(12): 1597-1605. |
33. | Cheng DS, Han W, Chen SM, et al. Airway epithelium controls lung inflammation and injury through the NF-kappa B pathway. J Immunol, 2007, 178(10): 6504-6513. |
34. | Ijland MM, Heunks LM, Van Der Hoeven JG. Bench-to-bedside review: hypercapnic acidosis in lung injury--from 'permissive' to 'therapeutic'. Crit Care, 2010, 14(6): 237. |
35. | Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson S, et al. Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med, 1994, 22(10): 1568-1578. |
36. | Davidson AC, Banham S, Elliott M, et al. BTS/ICS guideline for the ventilatory management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in adults. Thorax, 2016, 71(Suppl 2): ii1-i35. |
37. | Nayak S, Jindal A. Permissive hypercapnia: Is there any upper limit? Indian J Crit Care Med, 2015, 19(1): 56-57. |
38. | Urwin L, Murphy R, Robertson C, et al. A case of extreme hypercapnia: implications for the prehospital and accident and emergency department management of acutely dyspnoeic patients. Emerg Med J, 2004, 21(1): 119-120. |
39. | Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The acute respiratory distress syndrome network. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(18): 1301-1308. |
40. | Curley GF, Laffey JG, Kavanagh BP. CrossTalk proposal: there is added benefit to providing permissive hypercapnia in the treatment of ARDS. J Physiol, 2013, 591(11): 2763-2765. |
41. | Guidry CA, Hranjec T, Rodgers BM, et al. Permissive hypercapnia in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: our institutional experience. J Am Coll Surg, 2012, 214(4): 640-645, 647.e1; discussion 646-7. |
42. | Curley G, Contreras MM, Nichol AD, et al. Hypercapnia and acidosis in sepsis: a double-edged sword? Anesthesiology, 2010, 112(2): 462-472. |
43. | Maclntyre N, Huang YC. Acute exacerbations and respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 2008, 5(4): 530-535. |
44. | Peters JI, Stupka JE, Singh H, et al. Status asthmaticus in the medical intensive care unit: a 30-year experience. Respir Med, 2012, 106(3): 344-348. |
45. | Thome UH, Genzel-Boroviczeny O, Bohnhorst B, et al. Permissive hypercapnia in extremely low birthweight infants (PHELBI): a randomised controlled multicentre trial. Lancet Respir Med, 2015, 3(7): 534-543. |
46. | O'toole D, Hassett P, Contreras M, et al. Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates pulmonary epithelial wound repair by an NF-kappaB dependent mechanism. Thorax, 2009, 64(11): 976-982. |
47. | Helenius IT, Krupinski T, Turnbull DW, et al. Elevated CO2 suppresses specific Drosophila innate immune responses and resistance to bacterial infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2009, 106(44): 18710-18715. |
48. | Kilpatrick B, Slinger P. Lung protective strategies in anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth, 2010, 105(Suppl 1): i108-i116. |
- 1. Do-Umehara HC, Chen C, Urich D, et al. Suppression of inflammation and acute lung injury by Miz1 via repression of C/EBP-δ. Nat Immunol, 2013, 14(5): 461-469.
- 2. Needham DM, Colantuoni E, Mendez-Tellez PA, et al. Lung protective mechanical ventilation and two year survival in patients with acute lung injury: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 2012, 344: e2124.
- 3. Protti A, Cressoni M, Santini A, et al. Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation: any safe threshold? Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011, 183(10): 1354-1362.
- 4. Gattinoni L, Protti A, Caironi P, et al. Ventilator-induced lung injury: the anatomical and physiological framework. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(10 Suppl): S539-S548.
- 5. Slutsky AS, Ranieri VM. Ventilator-induced lung injury. N Engl J Med, 2013, 369(22): 2126-2136.
- 6. Wu H, Kobayashi T, Wan Q, et al. Effects of surfactant replacement on alveolar overdistension and plasma cytokines in ventilator-induced lung injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2010, 54(3): 354-361.
- 7. Carrasco Loza R, Villamizar Rodríguez G, Medel Fernández N. Ventilator-Induced lung injury (VILI) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): volutrauma and molecular effects. Open Respir Med J, 2015, 9: 112-119.
- 8. Kneyber MC, Zhang H, Slutsky AS. Ventilator-induced lung injury. Similarity and differences between children and adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2014, 190(3): 258-265.
- 9. Liu YY, Chiang CH, Chuang CH, et al. Spillover of cytokines and reactive Oxygen species in ventilator-induced lung injury associated with inflammation and apoptosis in distal organs. Respir Care, 2014, 59(9): 1422-1432.
- 10. Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Cadringher P, et al. Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2008, 178(4): 346-355.
- 11. Han B, Lodyga M, Liu M. Ventilator-induced lung injury: role of protein-protein interaction in mechanosensation. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 2005, 2(3): 181-187.
- 12. De Prost N, Dreyfuss D, Saumon G. Evaluation of two-way protein fluxes across the alveolo-capillary membrane by scintigraphy in rats: effect of lung inflation. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2007, 102(2): 794-802.
- 13. Albert RK. The role of ventilation-induced surfactant dysfunction and atelectasis in causing acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012, 185(7): 702-708.
- 14. Mead J, Takishima T, Leith D. Stress distribution in lungs: a model of pulmonary elasticity. J Appl Physiol, 1970, 28(5): 596-608.
- 15. dos Santos CC, Slutsky AS. The contribution of biophysical lung injury to the development of biotrauma. Annu Rev Physiol, 2006, 68: 585-618.
- 16. Liu D, Yan Z, Minshall RD, et al. Activation of calpains mediates early lung neutrophilic inflammation in ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2012, 302(4): L370-L379.
- 17. 戴惠军, 潘灵辉, 林飞, 等. 肺泡巨噬细胞 Toll 样受体 9-髓样分化因子 88 信号通路在呼吸机相关性肺损伤中的作用机制研究. 中华危重病急救医学, 2014, 26(5): 289-293.
- 18. BENDIXEN HH, HEDLEY-WHYTE J, LAVER MB. Impaired oxygenation in surgical patients during general anesthesia controlled ventilation. A concept of atelectasis. N Engl J Med, 1963, 269: 991-996.
- 19. Gajic O, Dara SI, Mendez JL, et al. Ventilator-associated lung injury in patients without acute lung injury at the onset of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(9): 1817-1824.
- 20. Gajic O, Frutos-Vivar F, Esteban A, et al. Ventilator settings as a risk factor for acute respiratory distress syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med, 2005, 31(7): 922-926.
- 21. Hickling KG, Henderson SJ, Jackson R. Low mortality associated with low volume pressure limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med, 1990, 16(6): 372-377.
- 22. Peng G, Ivanovska J, Kantores C, et al. Sustained therapeutic hypercapnia attenuates pulmonary arterial Rho-kinase activity and ameliorates chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in juvenile rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2012, 302(12): H2599-H2611.
- 23. Dunlop K, Gosal K, Kantores C, et al. Therapeutic hypercapnia prevents inhaled nitric oxide-induced right-ventricular systolic dysfunction in juvenile rats. Free Radic Biol Med, 2014, 69: 35-49.
- 24. Emery MJ, Eveland RL, Min JH, et al. CO2 relaxation of the rat lung parenchymal strip. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 2013, 186(1): 33-39.
- 25. Taghavi S, Jayarajan SN, Ferrer LM, et al. "Permissive hypoventilation" in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2014, 77(1): 14-19.
- 26. Nnorom CC, Davis C, Fedinec AL, et al. Contributions of KATP and KCa channels to cerebral arteriolar dilation to hypercapnia in neonatal brain. Physiol Rep, 2014, 2(8). pii: e12127.
- 27. Peltekova V, Engelberts D, Otulakowski G, et al. Hypercapnic acidosis in ventilator-induced lung injury. Intensive Care Med, 2010, 36(5): 869-878.
- 28. Contreras M, Ansari B, Curley G, et al. Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates ventilation-induced lung injury by a nuclear factor-κB-dependent mechanism. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(9): 2622-2630.
- 29. Yang WC, Song CY, Wang N, et al. Hypercapnic acidosis confers antioxidant and anti-apoptosis effects against ventilator-induced lung injury. Lab Invest, 2013, 93(12): 1339-1349.
- 30. Otulakowski G, Engelberts D, Gusarova GA, et al. Hypercapnia attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury via a disintegrin and metalloprotease-17. J Physiol, 2014, 592(20): 4507-4521.
- 31. Schellekens WJ, Van Hees HW, Kox M, et al. Hypercapnia attenuates ventilator-induced diaphragm atrophy and modulates dysfunction. Crit Care, 2014, 18(1): R28.
- 32. Gao W, Liu DD, Li D, et al. Effects of hypercapnia on T cells in lung ischemia/reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Exp Biol Med, 2014, 239(12): 1597-1605.
- 33. Cheng DS, Han W, Chen SM, et al. Airway epithelium controls lung inflammation and injury through the NF-kappa B pathway. J Immunol, 2007, 178(10): 6504-6513.
- 34. Ijland MM, Heunks LM, Van Der Hoeven JG. Bench-to-bedside review: hypercapnic acidosis in lung injury--from 'permissive' to 'therapeutic'. Crit Care, 2010, 14(6): 237.
- 35. Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson S, et al. Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med, 1994, 22(10): 1568-1578.
- 36. Davidson AC, Banham S, Elliott M, et al. BTS/ICS guideline for the ventilatory management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in adults. Thorax, 2016, 71(Suppl 2): ii1-i35.
- 37. Nayak S, Jindal A. Permissive hypercapnia: Is there any upper limit? Indian J Crit Care Med, 2015, 19(1): 56-57.
- 38. Urwin L, Murphy R, Robertson C, et al. A case of extreme hypercapnia: implications for the prehospital and accident and emergency department management of acutely dyspnoeic patients. Emerg Med J, 2004, 21(1): 119-120.
- 39. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The acute respiratory distress syndrome network. N Engl J Med, 2000, 342(18): 1301-1308.
- 40. Curley GF, Laffey JG, Kavanagh BP. CrossTalk proposal: there is added benefit to providing permissive hypercapnia in the treatment of ARDS. J Physiol, 2013, 591(11): 2763-2765.
- 41. Guidry CA, Hranjec T, Rodgers BM, et al. Permissive hypercapnia in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: our institutional experience. J Am Coll Surg, 2012, 214(4): 640-645, 647.e1; discussion 646-7.
- 42. Curley G, Contreras MM, Nichol AD, et al. Hypercapnia and acidosis in sepsis: a double-edged sword? Anesthesiology, 2010, 112(2): 462-472.
- 43. Maclntyre N, Huang YC. Acute exacerbations and respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 2008, 5(4): 530-535.
- 44. Peters JI, Stupka JE, Singh H, et al. Status asthmaticus in the medical intensive care unit: a 30-year experience. Respir Med, 2012, 106(3): 344-348.
- 45. Thome UH, Genzel-Boroviczeny O, Bohnhorst B, et al. Permissive hypercapnia in extremely low birthweight infants (PHELBI): a randomised controlled multicentre trial. Lancet Respir Med, 2015, 3(7): 534-543.
- 46. O'toole D, Hassett P, Contreras M, et al. Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates pulmonary epithelial wound repair by an NF-kappaB dependent mechanism. Thorax, 2009, 64(11): 976-982.
- 47. Helenius IT, Krupinski T, Turnbull DW, et al. Elevated CO2 suppresses specific Drosophila innate immune responses and resistance to bacterial infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2009, 106(44): 18710-18715.
- 48. Kilpatrick B, Slinger P. Lung protective strategies in anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth, 2010, 105(Suppl 1): i108-i116.
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