Advances in animal models and <i>in vitro</i> models of acute kidney injury_West China Medical Journal

Authors：

CHEN Juan , YI Xiangling , LUO Jia , CHEN Kehong , CHEN Jia ,  HE Yani

Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital (Army Medical Center), Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

HE Yani, Email: heynmail@163.com

Keywords：

Acute kidney injury; animal model; in vitro model

DOI：

10.7507/1002-0179.202210185

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) has increased rapidly in recent years. The causes of AKI are complex and diverse, and there is no effective treatment strategy. Reliable and stable animal models and in vitro models play an important role in the development and prevention of AKI. Focusing on rodent models and in vitro models, this review summarizes AKI models induced by ischemia, nephrotoxic drugs and urinary tract obstruction from three levels of prerenal, intrinsic renal and postrenal AKI.

Citation： CHEN Juan, YI Xiangling, LUO Jia, CHEN Kehong, CHEN Jia, HE Yani. Advances in animal models and in vitro models of acute kidney injury. West China Medical Journal, 2023, 38(5): 777-783. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202210185 Copy

1.	Kellum JA, Romagnani P, Ashuntantang G, et al. Acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2021, 7(1): 52.
2.	Ostermann M, Cerdá J. The burden of acute kidney injury and related financial issues. Contrib Nephrol, 2018, 193: 100-112.
3.	Junho CVC, Panico K, Nakama KK, et al. Time course of gene expression profile in renal ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice. Transplant Proc, 2020, 52(10): 2970-2976.
4.	Hukriede NA, Soranno DE, Sander V, et al. Experimental models of acute kidney injury for translational research. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2022, 18(5): 277-293.
5.	Fu Y, Tang C, Cai J, et al. Rodent models of AKI-CKD transition. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2018, 315(4): F1098-F1106.
6.	Bejoy J, Qian ES, Woodard LE. Tissue culture models of AKI: from tubule cells to human kidney organoids. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2022, 33(3): 487-501.
7.	Soytas M, Gursoy D, Boz MY, et al. The creation of unilateral intermittent and unintermittent renal ischemia-reperfusion models in rats. Urol Ann, 2021, 13(4): 378-383.
8.	Le Clef N, Verhulst A, D’Haese PC, et al. Unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion as a robust model for acute to chronic kidney injury in mice. PLoS One, 2016, 11(3): e0152153.
9.	Godoy JR, Watson G, Raspante C, et al. An effective mouse model of unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Vis Exp, 2021(173): e62749.
10.	Kramann R, Menzel S. Mouse models of kidney fibrosis. Methods Mol Biol, 2021, 2299: 323-338.
11.	Tanaka R, Tsutsui H, Ohkita M, et al. Sex differences in ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury are dependent on the renal sympathetic nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol, 2013, 714(1/2/3): 397-404.
12.	Hosszu A, Fekete A, Szabo AJ. Sex differences in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2020, 319(2): F149-F154.
13.	Dong Y, Zhang Q, Wen J, et al. Ischemic duration and frequency determines AKI-to-CKD progression monitored by dynamic changes of tubular biomarkers in IRI mice. Front Physiol, 2019, 10: 153.
14.	Scarfe L, Menshikh A, Newton E, et al. Long-term outcomes in mouse models of ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2019, 317(4): F1068-F1080.
15.	Li Z, Ludwig N, Thomas K, et al. The pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury depends on renal neutrophil recruitment whereas sepsis-induced AKI does not. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 843782.
16.	Harwood R, Bridge J, Ressel L, et al. Murine models of renal ischemia reperfusion injury: an opportunity for refinement using noninvasive monitoring methods. Physiol Rep, 2022, 10(5): e15211.
17.	Hosohata K, Jin D, Takai S. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of urinary biomarkers in ischemia/reperfusion-induced kidney injury. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(21): 11448.
18.	Holderied A, Kraft F, Marschner JA, et al. “Point of no return” in unilateral renal ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. J Biomed Sci, 2020, 27(1): 34.
19.	Ajay AK. Functional drug screening using kidney cells on-a-chip: advances in disease modeling and development of biomarkers. Kidney360, 2022, 3(2): 194-198.
20.	Low JH, Li P, Chew EGY, et al. Generation of human PSC-derived kidney organoids with patterned nephron segments and a de novo vascular network. Cell Stem Cell, 2019, 25(3): 373-387.
21.	Zhao X, Wang D, Wan S, et al. The suppression of pin1-alleviated oxidative stress through the p38 MAPK pathway in ischemia- and reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021, 2021: 1313847.
22.	Zhang BH, Liu H, Yuan Y, et al. Knockdown of TRIM8 protects HK-2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and pyroptosis via PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2021, 15: 4973-4983.
23.	Zhai M, Han M, Huang X, et al. Dexmedetomidine protects human renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by inactivating endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Cell J, 2021, 23(4): 457-464.
24.	Wang X, Zhang Y, Wuyun K, et al. Therapeutic effect and mechanism of 4-phenyl butyric acid on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Exp Ther Med, 2022, 23(2): 144.
25.	Zheng T, Tan Y, Qiu J, et al. Alternative polyadenylation trans-factor FIP1 exacerbates UUO/IRI-induced kidney injury and contributes to AKI-CKD transition via ROS-NLRP3 axis. Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(6): 512.
26.	Deng W, Wei X, Dong Z, et al. Identification of fibroblast activation-related genes in two acute kidney injury models. PeerJ, 2021, 9: e10926.
27.	Griffin BR, Faubel S, Edelstein CL. Biomarkers of drug-induced kidney toxicity. Ther Drug Monit, 2019, 41(2): 213-226.
28.	Mody H, Ramakrishnan V, Chaar M, et al. A review on drug-induced nephrotoxicity: pathophysiological mechanisms, drug classes, clinical management, and recent advances in mathematical modeling and simulation approaches. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev, 2020, 9(8): 896-909.
29.	Kane-Gill SL. Nephrotoxin stewardship. Crit Care Clin, 2021, 37(2): 303-320.
30.	Huang H, Jin WW, Huang M, et al. Gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury in an animal model involves programmed necrosis of the collecting duct. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2020, 31(9): 2097-2115.
31.	Filippone EJ, Kraft WK, Farber JL. The nephrotoxicity of vancomycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2017, 102(3): 459-469.
32.	Kan WC, Chen YC, Wu VC, et al. Vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury: a narrative review from pathophysiology to clinical application. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(4): 2052.
33.	Baudoux T, Jadot I, Declèves AE, et al. Experimental aristolochic acid nephropathy: a relevant model to study AKI-to-CKD transition. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9: 822870.
34.	Volarevic V, Djokovic B, Jankovic MG, et al. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity: a balance on the knife edge between renoprotection and tumor toxicity. J Biomed Sci, 2019, 26(1): 25.
35.	Yan LJ. Folic acid-induced animal model of kidney disease. Animal Model Exp Med, 2021, 4(4): 329-342.
36.	Kim JY, Kim KY, Yee J, et al. Risk scoring system for vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13: 815188.
37.	Chen WY, Hsiao CH, Chen YC, et al. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity might have a sex difference. an analysis based on women’s sex hormone changes. J Cancer, 2017, 8(19): 3939-3944.
38.	O’Donnell JN, Rhodes NJ, Miglis CM, et al. Dose, duration, and animal sex predict vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury in preclinical studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2018, 51(2): 239-243.
39.	Ma HY, Chen S, Du Y. Estrogen and estrogen receptors in kidney diseases. Ren Fail, 2021, 43(1): 619-642.
40.	Drouet M, Chai F, Barthélémy C, et al. Influence of vancomycin infusion methods on endothelial cell toxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2015, 59(2): 930-934.
41.	Ravichandran K, Wang Q, Ozkok A, et al. CD4 T cell knockout does not protect against kidney injury and worsens cancer. J Mol Med (Berl), 2016, 94(4): 443-455.
42.	Ma Q, Xu Y, Tang L, et al. Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by suppressing oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 2851349.
43.	An JH, Li CY, Chen CY, et al. Raloxifene protects cisplatin-induced renal injury in mice via inhibiting oxidative stress. Onco Targets Ther, 2021, 14: 4879-4890.
44.	Ma S, Xu H, Huang W, et al. Chrysophanol relieves cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via concomitant inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Front Physiol, 2021, 12: 706359.
45.	Fukushima K, Futatsugi A, Maekawa M, et al. Comparison of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity between single-dose and split-dose administration to rats. Biomed Pharmacother, 2022, 147: 112619.
46.	Urate S, Wakui H, Azushima K, et al. Aristolochic acid induces renal fibrosis and senescence in mice. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(22): 12432.
47.	Pu XY, Shen JY, Deng ZP, et al. Plasma-specific microRNA response induced by acute exposure to aristolochic acid I in rats. Arch Toxicol, 2017, 91(3): 1473-1483.
48.	Askari H, Enayati N, Ahmadian-Attari MM, et al. Protective effects of descurainia sophia against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Iran J Pharm Res, 2021, 20(1): 40-52.
49.	Xu L, Li X, Zhang F, et al. EGFR drives the progression of AKI to CKD through HIPK2 overexpression. Theranostics, 2019, 9(9): 2712-2726.
50.	Pais GM, Liu J, Avedissian SN, et al. Lack of synergistic nephrotoxicity between vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam in a rat model and a confirmatory cellular model. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2020, 75(5): 1228-1236.
51.	Wang Y, Quan F, Cao Q, et al. Quercetin alleviates acute kidney injury by inhibiting ferroptosis. J Adv Res, 2020, 28: 231-243.
52.	Marquez-Exposito L, Tejedor-Santamaria L, Santos-Sanchez L, et al. Acute kidney injury is aggravated in aged mice by the exacerbation of proinflammatory processes. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 662020.
53.	Romero-Guevara R, Ioannides A, Xinaris C. Kidney organoids as disease models: strengths, weaknesses and perspectives. Front Physiol, 2020, 11: 563981.
54.	Vormann MK, Vriend J, Lanz HL, et al. Implementation of a human renal proximal tubule on a chip for nephrotoxicity and drug interaction studies. J Pharm Sci, 2021, 110(4): 1601-1614.
55.	Petrosyan A, Cravedi P, Villani V, et al. A glomerulus-on-a-chip to recapitulate the human glomerular filtration barrier. Nat Commun, 2019, 10(1): 3656.
56.	Sohn SJ, Kim SY, Kim HS, et al. In vitro evaluation of biomarkers for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity using HK-2 human kidney epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett, 2013, 217(3): 235-242.
57.	Li W, Yang Y, Li Y, et al. Sirt5 attenuates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury through regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and Bcl-2. Biomed Res Int, 2019, 2019: 4745132.
58.	Upadhyay R, Batuman V. Aristolochic acid I induces proximal tubule injury through ROS/HMGB1/mt DNA mediated activation of TLRs. J Cell Mol Med, 2022, 26(15): 4277-4291.
59.	Du H, Li Z, Yang Y, et al. New insights into the vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity using in vitro metabolomics combined with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. J Appl Toxicol, 2020, 40(7): 897-907.
60.	Qiu X, Miao Y, Geng X, et al. Evaluation of biomarkers for in vitro prediction of drug-induced nephrotoxicity in RPTEC/TERT1 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb), 2020, 9(2): 91-100.
61.	Kaeidi A, Maleki M, Shamsizadeh A, et al. The therapeutic approaches of renal recovery after relief of the unilateral ureteral obstruction: a comprehensive review. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2020, 23(11): 1367-1373.
62.	Zheng M, Cai J, Liu Z, et al. Nicotinamide reduces renal interstitial fibrosis by suppressing tubular injury and inflammation. J Cell Mol Med, 2019, 23(6): 3995-4004.
63.	Jin Y, Shao X, Sun B, et al. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 as an early diagnostic biomarker of obstructive acute kidney injury and development of a rapid detection method. Mol Med Rep, 2017, 15(3): 1229-1235.
64.	Kaeidi A, Taghipour Z, Allahtavakoli M, et al. Ameliorating effect of troxerutin in unilateral ureteral obstruction induced renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in male rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 2020, 393(5): 879-888.
65.	Narváez Barros A, Guiteras R, Sola A, et al. Reversal unilateral ureteral obstruction: a mice experimental model. Nephron, 2019, 142(2): 125-134.

1. Kellum JA, Romagnani P, Ashuntantang G, et al. Acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2021, 7(1): 52.
2. Ostermann M, Cerdá J. The burden of acute kidney injury and related financial issues. Contrib Nephrol, 2018, 193: 100-112.
3. Junho CVC, Panico K, Nakama KK, et al. Time course of gene expression profile in renal ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice. Transplant Proc, 2020, 52(10): 2970-2976.
4. Hukriede NA, Soranno DE, Sander V, et al. Experimental models of acute kidney injury for translational research. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2022, 18(5): 277-293.
5. Fu Y, Tang C, Cai J, et al. Rodent models of AKI-CKD transition. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2018, 315(4): F1098-F1106.
6. Bejoy J, Qian ES, Woodard LE. Tissue culture models of AKI: from tubule cells to human kidney organoids. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2022, 33(3): 487-501.
7. Soytas M, Gursoy D, Boz MY, et al. The creation of unilateral intermittent and unintermittent renal ischemia-reperfusion models in rats. Urol Ann, 2021, 13(4): 378-383.
8. Le Clef N, Verhulst A, D’Haese PC, et al. Unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion as a robust model for acute to chronic kidney injury in mice. PLoS One, 2016, 11(3): e0152153.
9. Godoy JR, Watson G, Raspante C, et al. An effective mouse model of unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Vis Exp, 2021(173): e62749.
10. Kramann R, Menzel S. Mouse models of kidney fibrosis. Methods Mol Biol, 2021, 2299: 323-338.
11. Tanaka R, Tsutsui H, Ohkita M, et al. Sex differences in ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury are dependent on the renal sympathetic nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol, 2013, 714(1/2/3): 397-404.
12. Hosszu A, Fekete A, Szabo AJ. Sex differences in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2020, 319(2): F149-F154.
13. Dong Y, Zhang Q, Wen J, et al. Ischemic duration and frequency determines AKI-to-CKD progression monitored by dynamic changes of tubular biomarkers in IRI mice. Front Physiol, 2019, 10: 153.
14. Scarfe L, Menshikh A, Newton E, et al. Long-term outcomes in mouse models of ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2019, 317(4): F1068-F1080.
15. Li Z, Ludwig N, Thomas K, et al. The pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury depends on renal neutrophil recruitment whereas sepsis-induced AKI does not. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 843782.
16. Harwood R, Bridge J, Ressel L, et al. Murine models of renal ischemia reperfusion injury: an opportunity for refinement using noninvasive monitoring methods. Physiol Rep, 2022, 10(5): e15211.
17. Hosohata K, Jin D, Takai S. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of urinary biomarkers in ischemia/reperfusion-induced kidney injury. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(21): 11448.
18. Holderied A, Kraft F, Marschner JA, et al. “Point of no return” in unilateral renal ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. J Biomed Sci, 2020, 27(1): 34.
19. Ajay AK. Functional drug screening using kidney cells on-a-chip: advances in disease modeling and development of biomarkers. Kidney360, 2022, 3(2): 194-198.
20. Low JH, Li P, Chew EGY, et al. Generation of human PSC-derived kidney organoids with patterned nephron segments and a de novo vascular network. Cell Stem Cell, 2019, 25(3): 373-387.
21. Zhao X, Wang D, Wan S, et al. The suppression of pin1-alleviated oxidative stress through the p38 MAPK pathway in ischemia- and reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021, 2021: 1313847.
22. Zhang BH, Liu H, Yuan Y, et al. Knockdown of TRIM8 protects HK-2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and pyroptosis via PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2021, 15: 4973-4983.
23. Zhai M, Han M, Huang X, et al. Dexmedetomidine protects human renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by inactivating endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Cell J, 2021, 23(4): 457-464.
24. Wang X, Zhang Y, Wuyun K, et al. Therapeutic effect and mechanism of 4-phenyl butyric acid on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Exp Ther Med, 2022, 23(2): 144.
25. Zheng T, Tan Y, Qiu J, et al. Alternative polyadenylation trans-factor FIP1 exacerbates UUO/IRI-induced kidney injury and contributes to AKI-CKD transition via ROS-NLRP3 axis. Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(6): 512.
26. Deng W, Wei X, Dong Z, et al. Identification of fibroblast activation-related genes in two acute kidney injury models. PeerJ, 2021, 9: e10926.
27. Griffin BR, Faubel S, Edelstein CL. Biomarkers of drug-induced kidney toxicity. Ther Drug Monit, 2019, 41(2): 213-226.
28. Mody H, Ramakrishnan V, Chaar M, et al. A review on drug-induced nephrotoxicity: pathophysiological mechanisms, drug classes, clinical management, and recent advances in mathematical modeling and simulation approaches. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev, 2020, 9(8): 896-909.
29. Kane-Gill SL. Nephrotoxin stewardship. Crit Care Clin, 2021, 37(2): 303-320.
30. Huang H, Jin WW, Huang M, et al. Gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury in an animal model involves programmed necrosis of the collecting duct. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2020, 31(9): 2097-2115.
31. Filippone EJ, Kraft WK, Farber JL. The nephrotoxicity of vancomycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2017, 102(3): 459-469.
32. Kan WC, Chen YC, Wu VC, et al. Vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury: a narrative review from pathophysiology to clinical application. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(4): 2052.
33. Baudoux T, Jadot I, Declèves AE, et al. Experimental aristolochic acid nephropathy: a relevant model to study AKI-to-CKD transition. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9: 822870.
34. Volarevic V, Djokovic B, Jankovic MG, et al. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity: a balance on the knife edge between renoprotection and tumor toxicity. J Biomed Sci, 2019, 26(1): 25.
35. Yan LJ. Folic acid-induced animal model of kidney disease. Animal Model Exp Med, 2021, 4(4): 329-342.
36. Kim JY, Kim KY, Yee J, et al. Risk scoring system for vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13: 815188.
37. Chen WY, Hsiao CH, Chen YC, et al. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity might have a sex difference. an analysis based on women’s sex hormone changes. J Cancer, 2017, 8(19): 3939-3944.
38. O’Donnell JN, Rhodes NJ, Miglis CM, et al. Dose, duration, and animal sex predict vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury in preclinical studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2018, 51(2): 239-243.
39. Ma HY, Chen S, Du Y. Estrogen and estrogen receptors in kidney diseases. Ren Fail, 2021, 43(1): 619-642.
40. Drouet M, Chai F, Barthélémy C, et al. Influence of vancomycin infusion methods on endothelial cell toxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2015, 59(2): 930-934.
41. Ravichandran K, Wang Q, Ozkok A, et al. CD4 T cell knockout does not protect against kidney injury and worsens cancer. J Mol Med (Berl), 2016, 94(4): 443-455.
42. Ma Q, Xu Y, Tang L, et al. Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by suppressing oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 2851349.
43. An JH, Li CY, Chen CY, et al. Raloxifene protects cisplatin-induced renal injury in mice via inhibiting oxidative stress. Onco Targets Ther, 2021, 14: 4879-4890.
44. Ma S, Xu H, Huang W, et al. Chrysophanol relieves cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via concomitant inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Front Physiol, 2021, 12: 706359.
45. Fukushima K, Futatsugi A, Maekawa M, et al. Comparison of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity between single-dose and split-dose administration to rats. Biomed Pharmacother, 2022, 147: 112619.
46. Urate S, Wakui H, Azushima K, et al. Aristolochic acid induces renal fibrosis and senescence in mice. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(22): 12432.
47. Pu XY, Shen JY, Deng ZP, et al. Plasma-specific microRNA response induced by acute exposure to aristolochic acid I in rats. Arch Toxicol, 2017, 91(3): 1473-1483.
48. Askari H, Enayati N, Ahmadian-Attari MM, et al. Protective effects of descurainia sophia against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Iran J Pharm Res, 2021, 20(1): 40-52.
49. Xu L, Li X, Zhang F, et al. EGFR drives the progression of AKI to CKD through HIPK2 overexpression. Theranostics, 2019, 9(9): 2712-2726.
50. Pais GM, Liu J, Avedissian SN, et al. Lack of synergistic nephrotoxicity between vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam in a rat model and a confirmatory cellular model. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2020, 75(5): 1228-1236.
51. Wang Y, Quan F, Cao Q, et al. Quercetin alleviates acute kidney injury by inhibiting ferroptosis. J Adv Res, 2020, 28: 231-243.
52. Marquez-Exposito L, Tejedor-Santamaria L, Santos-Sanchez L, et al. Acute kidney injury is aggravated in aged mice by the exacerbation of proinflammatory processes. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 662020.
53. Romero-Guevara R, Ioannides A, Xinaris C. Kidney organoids as disease models: strengths, weaknesses and perspectives. Front Physiol, 2020, 11: 563981.
54. Vormann MK, Vriend J, Lanz HL, et al. Implementation of a human renal proximal tubule on a chip for nephrotoxicity and drug interaction studies. J Pharm Sci, 2021, 110(4): 1601-1614.
55. Petrosyan A, Cravedi P, Villani V, et al. A glomerulus-on-a-chip to recapitulate the human glomerular filtration barrier. Nat Commun, 2019, 10(1): 3656.
56. Sohn SJ, Kim SY, Kim HS, et al. In vitro evaluation of biomarkers for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity using HK-2 human kidney epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett, 2013, 217(3): 235-242.
57. Li W, Yang Y, Li Y, et al. Sirt5 attenuates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury through regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and Bcl-2. Biomed Res Int, 2019, 2019: 4745132.
58. Upadhyay R, Batuman V. Aristolochic acid I induces proximal tubule injury through ROS/HMGB1/mt DNA mediated activation of TLRs. J Cell Mol Med, 2022, 26(15): 4277-4291.
59. Du H, Li Z, Yang Y, et al. New insights into the vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity using in vitro metabolomics combined with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. J Appl Toxicol, 2020, 40(7): 897-907.
60. Qiu X, Miao Y, Geng X, et al. Evaluation of biomarkers for in vitro prediction of drug-induced nephrotoxicity in RPTEC/TERT1 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb), 2020, 9(2): 91-100.
61. Kaeidi A, Maleki M, Shamsizadeh A, et al. The therapeutic approaches of renal recovery after relief of the unilateral ureteral obstruction: a comprehensive review. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2020, 23(11): 1367-1373.
62. Zheng M, Cai J, Liu Z, et al. Nicotinamide reduces renal interstitial fibrosis by suppressing tubular injury and inflammation. J Cell Mol Med, 2019, 23(6): 3995-4004.
63. Jin Y, Shao X, Sun B, et al. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 as an early diagnostic biomarker of obstructive acute kidney injury and development of a rapid detection method. Mol Med Rep, 2017, 15(3): 1229-1235.
64. Kaeidi A, Taghipour Z, Allahtavakoli M, et al. Ameliorating effect of troxerutin in unilateral ureteral obstruction induced renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in male rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 2020, 393(5): 879-888.
65. Narváez Barros A, Guiteras R, Sola A, et al. Reversal unilateral ureteral obstruction: a mice experimental model. Nephron, 2019, 142(2): 125-134.

West China Medical Journal

Advances in animal models and in vitro models of acute kidney injury

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