Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a common neurological dysfunction. In clinical practice, autologous nerve transplantation is used to solve problems related to PNI, such as limited donor resources, neuroma formation and high donor incidence rate. Therefore, searching for new nerve regeneration materials has become a hot research topic. The decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogel provides a scaffold for nerve regeneration by removing the cellular components in biological tissues, preserving the extracellular matrix, and is a potential therapeutic material for nerve regeneration. This article reviews the research progress of dECM hydrogel for PNI and looks forward to the clinical prospects of this research direction.
Citation： LIU Yezu, LIU Ru’en. Research progress of decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel for peripheral nerve injury. West China Medical Journal, 2024, 39(7): 1145-1150. doi: 10.7507/1002-0179.202403130 Copy
| 1. | Lopes B, Sousa P, Alvites R, et al. Peripheral nerve injury treatments and advances: one health perspective. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(2): 918. |
| 2. | Wang ML, Rivlin M, Graham JG, et al. Peripheral nerve injury, scarring, and recovery. Connect Tissue Res, 2019, 60(1): 3-9. |
| 3. | Beris A, Gkiatas I, Gelalis I, et al. Current concepts in peripheral nerve surgery. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2019, 29(2): 263-269. |
| 4. | Ju Y, Hu Y, Yang P, et al. Extracellular vesicle-loaded hydrogels for tissue repair and regeneration. Mater Today Bio, 2022, 18: 100522. |
| 5. | Brown M, Li J, Moraes C, Tabrizian M, et al. Decellularized extracellular matrix: new promising and challenging biomaterials for regenerative medicine. Biomaterials, 2022, 289: 121786. |
| 6. | Xu P, Cao J, Duan Y, et al. Recent advances in fabrication of dECM-based composite materials for skin tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2024, 12: 1348856. |
| 7. | Sarmin AM, Connelly JT. Fabrication of human skin equivalents using decellularized extracellular matrix. Curr Protoc, 2022, 2(3): e393. |
| 8. | Lee S, Lee HS, Chung JJ, et al. Enhanced regeneration of vascularized adipose tissue with dual 3D-printed elastic polymer/dECM hydrogel complex. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(6): 2886. |
| 9. | Li Q, Yu H, Zhao F, et al. 3D printing of microenvironment-specific bioinspired and exosome-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds for efficient cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2023, 10(26): e2303650. |
| 10. | Hwangbo H, Lee J, Kim G. Mechanically and biologically enhanced 3D-printed HA/PLLA/dECM biocomposites for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol, 2022, 218: 9-21. |
| 11. | Garreta E, Moya-Rull D, Marco A, et al. Natural hydrogels support kidney organoid generation and promote in vitro angiogenesis. Adv Mater, 2024, 19: e2400306. |
| 12. | Kim JW, Nam SA, Yi J, et al. Kidney decellularized extracellular matrix enhanced the vascularization and maturation of human kidney organoids. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2022, 9(15): e2103526. |
| 13. | Wang X, Ansari A, Pierre V, et al. Injectable extracellular matrix microparticles promote heart regeneration in mice with post-ischemic heart injury. Adv Healthc Mater, 2022, 11(8): e2102265. |
| 14. | Kim MK, Jeong W, Kang HW. Liver dECM-gelatin composite bioink for precise 3D printing of highly functional liver tissues. J Funct Biomater, 2023, 14(8): 417. |
| 15. | Gregory E, Baek IH, Ala-Kokko N, et al. Peripheral nerve decellularization for in vitro extracellular matrix hydrogel use: a comparative study. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2022, 8(6): 2574-2588. |
| 16. | Wang T, Han Y, Wu Z, et al. Tissue-specific hydrogels for three-dimensional printing and potential application in peripheral nerve regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A, 2022, 28(3/4): 161-174. |
| 17. | Kamble N, Shukla D, Bhat D. Peripheral nerve injuries: electrophysiology for the neurosurgeon. Neurol India, 2019, 67(6): 1419-1422. |
| 18. | Nocera G, Jacob C. Mechanisms of Schwann cell plasticity involved in peripheral nerve repair after injury. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2020, 77(20): 3977-3989. |
| 19. | Guida F, De Gregorio D, Palazzo E, et al. Behavioral, biochemical and electrophysiological changes in spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(9): 3396. |
| 20. | Ding C, Hammarlund M. Mechanisms of injury-induced axon degeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2019, 57: 171-178. |
| 21. | Terenzio M, Koley S, Samra N, et al. Locally translated mTOR controls axonal local translation in nerve injury. Science, 2018, 359(6382): 1416-1421. |
| 22. | Rishal I, Fainzilber M. Axon-soma communication in neuronal injury. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2014, 15(1): 32-42. |
| 23. | Schilling BK, Schusterman MA 2nd, Kim DY, et al. Adipose-derived stem cells delay muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury in the rodent model. Muscle Nerve, 2019, 59(5): 603-610. |
| 24. | Ma CH, Omura T, Cobos EJ, et al. Accelerating axonal growth promotes motor recovery after peripheral nerve injury in mice. J Clin Invest, 2011, 121(11): 4332-4347. |
| 25. | Juckett L, Saffari TM, Ormseth B, et al. The effect of electrical stimulation on nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. Biomolecules, 2022, 12(12): 1856. |
| 26. | Liu X, Zou D, Hu Y, et al. Research progress of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2023, 29(4): 414-428. |
| 27. | O’Brien AL, West JM, Saffari TM, et al. Promoting nerve regeneration: electrical stimulation, gene therapy, and beyond. Physiology (Bethesda), 2022, 37(6): 0. |
| 28. | Raza C, Riaz HA, Anjum R, et al. Repair strategies for injured peripheral nerve: review. Life Sci, 2020, 243: 117308. |
| 29. | Zhang S, Zhou Y, Xian H, et al. Nerve regeneration in rat peripheral nerve allografts: an assessment of the role of endogenous neurotrophic factors in nerve cryopreservation and regeneration. Eur J Neurosci, 2022, 55(8): 1895-1916. |
| 30. | Kang NU, Lee SJ, Gwak SJ. Fabrication techniques of nerve guidance conduits for nerve regeneration. Yonsei Med J, 2022, 63(2): 114-123. |
| 31. | Meder T, Prest T, Skillen C, et al. Nerve-specific extracellular matrix hydrogel promotes functional regeneration following nerve gap injury. NPJ Regen Med, 2021, 6(1): 69. |
| 32. | Ren T, Faust A, van der Merwe Y, et al. Fetal extracellular matrix nerve wraps locally improve peripheral nerve remodeling after complete transection and direct repair in rat. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 4474. |
| 33. | Evans PJ, Mackinnon SE, Levi AD, et al. Cold preserved nerve allografts: changes in basement membrane, viability, immunogenicity, and regeneration. Muscle Nerve, 1998, 21(11): 1507-1522. |
| 34. | Kaizawa Y, Kakinoki R, Ikeguchi R, et al. A nerve conduit containing a vascular bundle and implanted with bone marrow stromal cells and decellularized allogenic nerve matrix. Cell Transplant, 2017, 26(2): 215-228. |
| 35. | Kim JK, Koh YD, Kim JO, et al. Development of a decellularization method to produce nerve allografts using less invasive detergents and hyper/hypotonic solutions. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2016, 69(12): 1690-1696. |
| 36. | Phillips M, Maor E, Rubinsky B. Nonthermal irreversible electroporation for tissue decellularization. J Biomech Eng, 2010, 132(9): 091003. |
| 37. | Hazwani A, Sha’Ban M, Azhim A. Characterization and in vivo study of decellularized aortic scaffolds using closed sonication system. Organogenesis, 2019, 15(4): 120-136. |
| 38. | Sondell M, Lundborg G, Kanje M. Regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve into allografts made acellular through chemical extraction. Brain Res, 1998, 795(1/2): 44-54. |
| 39. | Bae JY, Park SY, Shin YH, et al. Preparation of human decellularized peripheral nerve allograft using amphoteric detergent and nuclease. Neural Regen Res, 2021, 16(9): 1890-1896. |
| 40. | Bourgine PE, Pippenger BE, Todorov A Jr, et al. Tissue decellularization by activation of programmed cell death. Biomaterials, 2013, 34(26): 6099-6108. |
| 41. | Cornelison RC, Wellman SM, Park JH, et al. Development of an apoptosis-assisted decellularization method for maximal preservation of nerve tissue structure. Acta Biomater, 2018, 77: 116-126. |
| 42. | Frantz C, Stewart KM, Weaver VM. The extracellular matrix at a glance. J Cell Sci, 2010, 123(24): 4195-4200. |
| 43. | Owen GR, Meredith DO, ap Gwynn I, et al. Focal adhesion quantification - a new assay of material biocompatibility? Review. Eur Cell Mater, 2005, 9: 85-96. |
| 44. | Xue W, Kong Y, Abu R, et al. Regulation of Schwann cell and DRG neurite behaviors within decellularized peripheral nerve matrix. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14(7): 8693-8704. |
| 45. | Pabari A, Yang SY, Mosahebi A, et al. Recent advances in artificial nerve conduit design: strategies for the delivery of luminal fillers. J Control Release, 2011, 156(1): 2-10. |
| 46. | Li R, Li D, Wu C, et al. Nerve growth factor activates autophagy in Schwann cells to enhance myelin debris clearance and to expedite nerve regeneration. Theranostics, 2020, 10(4): 1649-1677. |
| 47. | Lin T, Liu S, Chen S, et al. Hydrogel derived from porcine decellularized nerve tissue as a promising biomaterial for repairing peripheral nerve defects. Acta Biomater, 2018, 73: 326-338. |
| 48. | Garrigues NW, Little D, Sanchez-Adams J, et al. Electrospun cartilage-derived matrix scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2014, 102(11): 3998-4008. |
| 49. | Petcu EB, Midha R, McColl E, et al. 3D printing strategies for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biofabrication, 2018, 10(3): 032001. |
| 50. | Chen CC, Yu J, Ng HY, et al. The physicochemical properties of decellularized extracellular matrix-coated 3D printed poly(ε-caprolactone) nerve conduits for promoting Schwann cells proliferation and differentiation. Materials (Basel), 2018, 11(9): 1665. |
| 51. | Choi J, Kim JH, Jang JW, et al. Decellularized sciatic nerve matrix as a biodegradable conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res, 2018, 13(10): 1796-1803. |
| 52. | Takemura Y, Imai S, Kojima H, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor from bone marrow-derived cells promotes post-injury repair of peripheral nerve. PLoS One, 2012, 7(9): e44592. |
| 53. | Boyer RB, Sexton KW, Rodriguez-Feo CL, et al. Adjuvant neurotrophic factors in peripheral nerve repair with chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-reduced acellular nerve allografts. J Surg Res, 2015, 193(2): 969-977. |
| 54. | Qiu S, Rao Z, He F, et al. Decellularized nerve matrix hydrogel and glial-derived neurotrophic factor modifications assisted nerve repair with decellularized nerve matrix scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2020, 14(7): 931-943. |
| 55. | Kubiak CA, Grochmal J, Kung TA, et al. Stem-cell-based therapies to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. Muscle Nerve, 2020, 61(4): 449-459. |
| 56. | Mathot F, Rbia N, Thaler R, et al. Gene expression profiles of differentiated and undifferentiated adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells dynamically seeded onto a processed nerve allograft. Gene, 2020, 724: 144151. |
| 57. | Zhou LN, Wang JC, Zilundu PLM, et al. A comparison of the use of adipose-derived and bone marrow-derived stem cells for peripheral nerve regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2020, 11(1): 153. |
| 58. | Li T, Sui Z, Matsuno A, et al. Fabrication and evaluation of a xenogeneic decellularized nerve-derived material: preclinical studies of a new strategy for nerve repair. Neurotherapeutics, 2020, 17(1): 356-370. |
| 59. | Tang N, Zhang R, Zheng Y, et al. Highly efficient self-healing multifunctional dressing with antibacterial activity for sutureless wound closure and infected wound monitoring. Adv Mater, 2022, 34(3): e2106842. |
| 60. | Kong Y, Wang D, Wei Q, et al. Nerve decellularized matrix composite scaffold with high antibacterial activity for nerve regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 9: 840421. |
| 61. | Prest TA, Meder TJ, Skillen CD, et al. Safety and efficacy of an injectable nerve-specific hydrogel in a rodent crush injury model. Muscle Nerve, 2022, 65(2): 247-255. |
- 1. Lopes B, Sousa P, Alvites R, et al. Peripheral nerve injury treatments and advances: one health perspective. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(2): 918.
- 2. Wang ML, Rivlin M, Graham JG, et al. Peripheral nerve injury, scarring, and recovery. Connect Tissue Res, 2019, 60(1): 3-9.
- 3. Beris A, Gkiatas I, Gelalis I, et al. Current concepts in peripheral nerve surgery. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2019, 29(2): 263-269.
- 4. Ju Y, Hu Y, Yang P, et al. Extracellular vesicle-loaded hydrogels for tissue repair and regeneration. Mater Today Bio, 2022, 18: 100522.
- 5. Brown M, Li J, Moraes C, Tabrizian M, et al. Decellularized extracellular matrix: new promising and challenging biomaterials for regenerative medicine. Biomaterials, 2022, 289: 121786.
- 6. Xu P, Cao J, Duan Y, et al. Recent advances in fabrication of dECM-based composite materials for skin tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2024, 12: 1348856.
- 7. Sarmin AM, Connelly JT. Fabrication of human skin equivalents using decellularized extracellular matrix. Curr Protoc, 2022, 2(3): e393.
- 8. Lee S, Lee HS, Chung JJ, et al. Enhanced regeneration of vascularized adipose tissue with dual 3D-printed elastic polymer/dECM hydrogel complex. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(6): 2886.
- 9. Li Q, Yu H, Zhao F, et al. 3D printing of microenvironment-specific bioinspired and exosome-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds for efficient cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2023, 10(26): e2303650.
- 10. Hwangbo H, Lee J, Kim G. Mechanically and biologically enhanced 3D-printed HA/PLLA/dECM biocomposites for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol, 2022, 218: 9-21.
- 11. Garreta E, Moya-Rull D, Marco A, et al. Natural hydrogels support kidney organoid generation and promote in vitro angiogenesis. Adv Mater, 2024, 19: e2400306.
- 12. Kim JW, Nam SA, Yi J, et al. Kidney decellularized extracellular matrix enhanced the vascularization and maturation of human kidney organoids. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2022, 9(15): e2103526.
- 13. Wang X, Ansari A, Pierre V, et al. Injectable extracellular matrix microparticles promote heart regeneration in mice with post-ischemic heart injury. Adv Healthc Mater, 2022, 11(8): e2102265.
- 14. Kim MK, Jeong W, Kang HW. Liver dECM-gelatin composite bioink for precise 3D printing of highly functional liver tissues. J Funct Biomater, 2023, 14(8): 417.
- 15. Gregory E, Baek IH, Ala-Kokko N, et al. Peripheral nerve decellularization for in vitro extracellular matrix hydrogel use: a comparative study. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2022, 8(6): 2574-2588.
- 16. Wang T, Han Y, Wu Z, et al. Tissue-specific hydrogels for three-dimensional printing and potential application in peripheral nerve regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A, 2022, 28(3/4): 161-174.
- 17. Kamble N, Shukla D, Bhat D. Peripheral nerve injuries: electrophysiology for the neurosurgeon. Neurol India, 2019, 67(6): 1419-1422.
- 18. Nocera G, Jacob C. Mechanisms of Schwann cell plasticity involved in peripheral nerve repair after injury. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2020, 77(20): 3977-3989.
- 19. Guida F, De Gregorio D, Palazzo E, et al. Behavioral, biochemical and electrophysiological changes in spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(9): 3396.
- 20. Ding C, Hammarlund M. Mechanisms of injury-induced axon degeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 2019, 57: 171-178.
- 21. Terenzio M, Koley S, Samra N, et al. Locally translated mTOR controls axonal local translation in nerve injury. Science, 2018, 359(6382): 1416-1421.
- 22. Rishal I, Fainzilber M. Axon-soma communication in neuronal injury. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2014, 15(1): 32-42.
- 23. Schilling BK, Schusterman MA 2nd, Kim DY, et al. Adipose-derived stem cells delay muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury in the rodent model. Muscle Nerve, 2019, 59(5): 603-610.
- 24. Ma CH, Omura T, Cobos EJ, et al. Accelerating axonal growth promotes motor recovery after peripheral nerve injury in mice. J Clin Invest, 2011, 121(11): 4332-4347.
- 25. Juckett L, Saffari TM, Ormseth B, et al. The effect of electrical stimulation on nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. Biomolecules, 2022, 12(12): 1856.
- 26. Liu X, Zou D, Hu Y, et al. Research progress of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2023, 29(4): 414-428.
- 27. O’Brien AL, West JM, Saffari TM, et al. Promoting nerve regeneration: electrical stimulation, gene therapy, and beyond. Physiology (Bethesda), 2022, 37(6): 0.
- 28. Raza C, Riaz HA, Anjum R, et al. Repair strategies for injured peripheral nerve: review. Life Sci, 2020, 243: 117308.
- 29. Zhang S, Zhou Y, Xian H, et al. Nerve regeneration in rat peripheral nerve allografts: an assessment of the role of endogenous neurotrophic factors in nerve cryopreservation and regeneration. Eur J Neurosci, 2022, 55(8): 1895-1916.
- 30. Kang NU, Lee SJ, Gwak SJ. Fabrication techniques of nerve guidance conduits for nerve regeneration. Yonsei Med J, 2022, 63(2): 114-123.
- 31. Meder T, Prest T, Skillen C, et al. Nerve-specific extracellular matrix hydrogel promotes functional regeneration following nerve gap injury. NPJ Regen Med, 2021, 6(1): 69.
- 32. Ren T, Faust A, van der Merwe Y, et al. Fetal extracellular matrix nerve wraps locally improve peripheral nerve remodeling after complete transection and direct repair in rat. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 4474.
- 33. Evans PJ, Mackinnon SE, Levi AD, et al. Cold preserved nerve allografts: changes in basement membrane, viability, immunogenicity, and regeneration. Muscle Nerve, 1998, 21(11): 1507-1522.
- 34. Kaizawa Y, Kakinoki R, Ikeguchi R, et al. A nerve conduit containing a vascular bundle and implanted with bone marrow stromal cells and decellularized allogenic nerve matrix. Cell Transplant, 2017, 26(2): 215-228.
- 35. Kim JK, Koh YD, Kim JO, et al. Development of a decellularization method to produce nerve allografts using less invasive detergents and hyper/hypotonic solutions. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2016, 69(12): 1690-1696.
- 36. Phillips M, Maor E, Rubinsky B. Nonthermal irreversible electroporation for tissue decellularization. J Biomech Eng, 2010, 132(9): 091003.
- 37. Hazwani A, Sha’Ban M, Azhim A. Characterization and in vivo study of decellularized aortic scaffolds using closed sonication system. Organogenesis, 2019, 15(4): 120-136.
- 38. Sondell M, Lundborg G, Kanje M. Regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve into allografts made acellular through chemical extraction. Brain Res, 1998, 795(1/2): 44-54.
- 39. Bae JY, Park SY, Shin YH, et al. Preparation of human decellularized peripheral nerve allograft using amphoteric detergent and nuclease. Neural Regen Res, 2021, 16(9): 1890-1896.
- 40. Bourgine PE, Pippenger BE, Todorov A Jr, et al. Tissue decellularization by activation of programmed cell death. Biomaterials, 2013, 34(26): 6099-6108.
- 41. Cornelison RC, Wellman SM, Park JH, et al. Development of an apoptosis-assisted decellularization method for maximal preservation of nerve tissue structure. Acta Biomater, 2018, 77: 116-126.
- 42. Frantz C, Stewart KM, Weaver VM. The extracellular matrix at a glance. J Cell Sci, 2010, 123(24): 4195-4200.
- 43. Owen GR, Meredith DO, ap Gwynn I, et al. Focal adhesion quantification - a new assay of material biocompatibility? Review. Eur Cell Mater, 2005, 9: 85-96.
- 44. Xue W, Kong Y, Abu R, et al. Regulation of Schwann cell and DRG neurite behaviors within decellularized peripheral nerve matrix. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14(7): 8693-8704.
- 45. Pabari A, Yang SY, Mosahebi A, et al. Recent advances in artificial nerve conduit design: strategies for the delivery of luminal fillers. J Control Release, 2011, 156(1): 2-10.
- 46. Li R, Li D, Wu C, et al. Nerve growth factor activates autophagy in Schwann cells to enhance myelin debris clearance and to expedite nerve regeneration. Theranostics, 2020, 10(4): 1649-1677.
- 47. Lin T, Liu S, Chen S, et al. Hydrogel derived from porcine decellularized nerve tissue as a promising biomaterial for repairing peripheral nerve defects. Acta Biomater, 2018, 73: 326-338.
- 48. Garrigues NW, Little D, Sanchez-Adams J, et al. Electrospun cartilage-derived matrix scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2014, 102(11): 3998-4008.
- 49. Petcu EB, Midha R, McColl E, et al. 3D printing strategies for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biofabrication, 2018, 10(3): 032001.
- 50. Chen CC, Yu J, Ng HY, et al. The physicochemical properties of decellularized extracellular matrix-coated 3D printed poly(ε-caprolactone) nerve conduits for promoting Schwann cells proliferation and differentiation. Materials (Basel), 2018, 11(9): 1665.
- 51. Choi J, Kim JH, Jang JW, et al. Decellularized sciatic nerve matrix as a biodegradable conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res, 2018, 13(10): 1796-1803.
- 52. Takemura Y, Imai S, Kojima H, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor from bone marrow-derived cells promotes post-injury repair of peripheral nerve. PLoS One, 2012, 7(9): e44592.
- 53. Boyer RB, Sexton KW, Rodriguez-Feo CL, et al. Adjuvant neurotrophic factors in peripheral nerve repair with chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-reduced acellular nerve allografts. J Surg Res, 2015, 193(2): 969-977.
- 54. Qiu S, Rao Z, He F, et al. Decellularized nerve matrix hydrogel and glial-derived neurotrophic factor modifications assisted nerve repair with decellularized nerve matrix scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2020, 14(7): 931-943.
- 55. Kubiak CA, Grochmal J, Kung TA, et al. Stem-cell-based therapies to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. Muscle Nerve, 2020, 61(4): 449-459.
- 56. Mathot F, Rbia N, Thaler R, et al. Gene expression profiles of differentiated and undifferentiated adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells dynamically seeded onto a processed nerve allograft. Gene, 2020, 724: 144151.
- 57. Zhou LN, Wang JC, Zilundu PLM, et al. A comparison of the use of adipose-derived and bone marrow-derived stem cells for peripheral nerve regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2020, 11(1): 153.
- 58. Li T, Sui Z, Matsuno A, et al. Fabrication and evaluation of a xenogeneic decellularized nerve-derived material: preclinical studies of a new strategy for nerve repair. Neurotherapeutics, 2020, 17(1): 356-370.
- 59. Tang N, Zhang R, Zheng Y, et al. Highly efficient self-healing multifunctional dressing with antibacterial activity for sutureless wound closure and infected wound monitoring. Adv Mater, 2022, 34(3): e2106842.
- 60. Kong Y, Wang D, Wei Q, et al. Nerve decellularized matrix composite scaffold with high antibacterial activity for nerve regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 9: 840421.
- 61. Prest TA, Meder TJ, Skillen CD, et al. Safety and efficacy of an injectable nerve-specific hydrogel in a rodent crush injury model. Muscle Nerve, 2022, 65(2): 247-255.