<i>In vivo</i> study of a novel micro-arc oxidation coated magnesium-zinc-calcium alloy scaffold/autologous bone particles repairing critical size bone defect in rabbit _Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

 ZHANG Nan ^1,2 , LIU Na ¹ , SUN Chu ¹ , ZHU Jianfeng ¹ , WANG Dongxu ¹ , DAI Yunfeng ¹ , WU Yunfeng ³ , WANG Yaming ³ , LI Junlei ⁴ , ZHAO Dewei ⁴ , YAN Jinglong ²

1. Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar Heilongjiang, 161000, P.R.China;
2. Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Heilongjiang, 150086, P.R.China;
3. Institute for Advanced Ceramics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang, 150001, P.R.China;
4. Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian Liaoning, 116001, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

ZHANG Nan, Email: zhn1979-08@163.com

Keywords：

Mg alloy scaffold; critical size bone defect; micro-arc oxidation; corrosion resistance; biocompatibility; rabbit

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.201710003

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of a novel micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coated magnesium-zinc-calcium (Mg-Zn-Ca) alloy scaffold/autologous bone particles to repair critical size bone defect (CSD) in rabbit and explore the novel scaffold in vivo corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.MethodsSeventy-two New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=24), group A was uncoated Mg-Zn-Ca alloy scaffold group, group B was 10 μm MAO coated Mg-Zn-Ca alloy scaffold group, and group C was control group with only autologous bone graft. The animals were operated to obtain bilateral ulnar CSD (15 mm in length) models. The bone fragment was removed and minced into small particles and were filled into the scaffolds of groups A and B. Then, the scaffolds or autologous bone particles were replanted into the defects. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery (6 rabbits each group). The local subcutaneous pneumatosis was observed and recorded. The ulna defect healing was evaluated by X-ray image and Van Gieson staining. The X-ray images were assessed and scored by Lane-Sandhu criteria. The percentage of the lost volume of the scaffold (ΔV) and corrosion rate (CR) were calculated by the Micro-CT. The Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentrations were monitored during experiment and the rabbit liver, brain, kidney, and spleen were obtained to process HE staining at 12 weeks after surgery.ResultsThe local subcutaneous pneumatosis in group B was less than that in group A at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery, showing significant differences between 2 groups at 2 and 4 weeks after surgery (P<0.05); and the local subcutaneous pneumatosis was significantly higher in group B than that in group A at 12 weeks after surgery (P<0.05). The X-ray result showed that the score of group C was significantly higher than those of groups A and B at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery (P<0.05), and the score of group B was significantly higher than that of group A at 8 weeks (P<0.05). At 12 weeks after surgery, the scores of groups B and C were significantly higher than that of group A (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the renew bone moulding of group B was better than that in group A at 12 weeks after surgery. Micro-CT showed that ΔV and CR in group B were significantly lower than those in group A (P<0.05). Van Gieson staining showed that group B had better biocompatibility and osteanagenesis than group A. The Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentrations in serum showed no significant difference between groups during experiments (P>0.05). And there was no obvious pathological changes in the liver, brain, kidney, and spleen of the 3 groups with HE staining at 12 weeks.ConclusionThe MAO coated Mg-Zn-Ca alloy scaffold/autologous bone particles could be used to repair CSD effectively. At the same time, 10 μm MAO coating can effectively improve the osteanagenesis, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy scaffold.

Citation： ZHANG Nan, LIU Na, SUN Chu, ZHU Jianfeng, WANG Dongxu, DAI Yunfeng, WU Yunfeng, WANG Yaming, LI Junlei, ZHAO Dewei, YAN Jinglong. In vivo study of a novel micro-arc oxidation coated magnesium-zinc-calcium alloy scaffold/autologous bone particles repairing critical size bone defect in rabbit . Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2018, 32(3): 298-305. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201710003 Copy

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2.	Clemens MW, Chang EI, Selber JC, et al. Composite extremity and trunk reconstruction with vascularized fibula flap in postoncologic bone defects: a 10-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 129(1): 170-178.
3.	杨运发, 张光明, 徐中和. 下肢创伤后大段感染性骨缺损的分型及修复. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2010, 12(5): 417-420.
4.	Brandoff JF, Silber JS, Vaccaro AR. Contemporary alternatives to synthetic bone grafts for spine surgery. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ), 2008, 37(8): 410-414.
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6.	Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, et al. Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(9): 1728-1734.
7.	Kim WJ, Chung SW, Chung CS, et al. Superplasticity in thin magnesium alloy sheets and deformation mechanism maps for magnesium alloys at elevated temperatures. Acta Materialia, 2001, 49(16): 3337-3345.
8.	Flatman PW. Magnesium transport across cell membranes. J Membr Biol, 1984, 80(1): 1-14.
9.	Wu L, Luthringer BJ, Feyerabend F, et al. Effects of extracellular magnesium on the differentiation and function of human osteoclasts. Acta Biomater, 2014, 10(6): 2843-2854.
10.	Arnaud MJ. Update on the assessment of magnesium status. Br J Nutri, 2008, 99 Suppl 3: S24-36.
11.	Elin RJ. Assessment of magnesium status. Clin Chem, 1987, 33(11): 1965-1970.
12.	Gibson IR, Huang J, Best SM, et al. Enhanced in vitro cell activity and surface apatite layer formation on novel silicon substituted hydroxyapatites. Bioceramics, 1999, 12: 191-194.
13.	Park JW, Kim YJ, Jang JH, et al. Osteoblast response to magnesium ion-incorporated nanoporous titanium oxide surfaces. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2010, 21(11): 1278-1287.
14.	Xu L, Yu G, Zhang E, et al. In vivo corrosion behavior of Mg-Mn-Zn alloy for bone implant application. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007, 83(3): 703-711.
15.	Smith MR, Atkinson P, White D, et al. Design and assessment of a wrapped cylindrical Ca-P AZ31 Mg alloy for critical-size ulna defect repair. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2012, 100(1): 206-216.
16.	葛野, 李世慧, 李建军, 等. 镁锶合金修复兔桡骨骨缺损的实验研究. 生物骨科材料与临床研究, 2016, 13(5): 1-5.
17.	Guo JW, Sun SY, Wang YM, et al. Hydrothermal biomimetic modification of micro-arc oxidized magnesium alloy for enhanced corrosion resistance and deposition behaviors in SBF. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2015, 269(15): 183-190.
18.	Lane J, Sandhu H. Current approaches to experimental bone grafting. Orthop Clin North Am, 1987, 18(2): 213-225.
19.	Fazel Anvari-Yazdi A, Tahermanesh K, Hadavi SM, et al. Cytotoxicity assessment of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on synthesized biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca alloys. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016, 69: 584-597.
20.	Zhao J, CHEN JL, YU K, et al. Effects of chitosan coating on biocompatibility of Mg-6%Zn-10%Ca₃(PO₄)₂ implant. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc. China, 2015, 3: 824-831.
21.	Jang Y, Tan Z, Jurey C, et al. Understanding corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys from subcutaneous mouse model: effect of Zn element concentration and plasma electrolytic oxidation. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2015, 48: 28-40.
22.	Zeng RC, Cui LY, Jiang K, et al. In vitro corrosion and cytocompatibility of a microarc oxidation coating and poly (L-lactic acid) composite coating on Mg-1Li-1Ca alloy for orthopedic implants. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2016, 8(15): 10014-10028.
23.	Wu YF, Wang YM, Jing YB, et al. In vivo study of microarc oxidation coated biodegradable magnesium plate to heal bone fracture defect of 3mm width. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2017, 158: 147-156.
24.	Chen S, Guan SK, Li W, et al. In vivo degradation and bone response of a composite coating on Mg-Zn-Ca alloy prepared by microarc oxidation and electrochemical deposition. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2012, 100(2): 533-543.

1. Schmitz JP, Hollinger JO. The critical size defect as an experimental model for craniomandibulofacial nonunions. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1986, (205): 299-308.
2. Clemens MW, Chang EI, Selber JC, et al. Composite extremity and trunk reconstruction with vascularized fibula flap in postoncologic bone defects: a 10-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 129(1): 170-178.
3. 杨运发, 张光明, 徐中和. 下肢创伤后大段感染性骨缺损的分型及修复. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2010, 12(5): 417-420.
4. Brandoff JF, Silber JS, Vaccaro AR. Contemporary alternatives to synthetic bone grafts for spine surgery. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ), 2008, 37(8): 410-414.
5. Lindsey RW, Gugala Z, Milne E, et al. The efficacy of cylindrical titanium mesh cage for the reconstruction of a critical-size canine segmental femoral diaphyseal defect. J Orthop Res, 2006, 24(7): 1438-1453.
6. Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, et al. Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(9): 1728-1734.
7. Kim WJ, Chung SW, Chung CS, et al. Superplasticity in thin magnesium alloy sheets and deformation mechanism maps for magnesium alloys at elevated temperatures. Acta Materialia, 2001, 49(16): 3337-3345.
8. Flatman PW. Magnesium transport across cell membranes. J Membr Biol, 1984, 80(1): 1-14.
9. Wu L, Luthringer BJ, Feyerabend F, et al. Effects of extracellular magnesium on the differentiation and function of human osteoclasts. Acta Biomater, 2014, 10(6): 2843-2854.
10. Arnaud MJ. Update on the assessment of magnesium status. Br J Nutri, 2008, 99 Suppl 3: S24-36.
11. Elin RJ. Assessment of magnesium status. Clin Chem, 1987, 33(11): 1965-1970.
12. Gibson IR, Huang J, Best SM, et al. Enhanced in vitro cell activity and surface apatite layer formation on novel silicon substituted hydroxyapatites. Bioceramics, 1999, 12: 191-194.
13. Park JW, Kim YJ, Jang JH, et al. Osteoblast response to magnesium ion-incorporated nanoporous titanium oxide surfaces. Clin Oral Implants Res, 2010, 21(11): 1278-1287.
14. Xu L, Yu G, Zhang E, et al. In vivo corrosion behavior of Mg-Mn-Zn alloy for bone implant application. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007, 83(3): 703-711.
15. Smith MR, Atkinson P, White D, et al. Design and assessment of a wrapped cylindrical Ca-P AZ31 Mg alloy for critical-size ulna defect repair. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2012, 100(1): 206-216.
16. 葛野, 李世慧, 李建军, 等. 镁锶合金修复兔桡骨骨缺损的实验研究. 生物骨科材料与临床研究, 2016, 13(5): 1-5.
17. Guo JW, Sun SY, Wang YM, et al. Hydrothermal biomimetic modification of micro-arc oxidized magnesium alloy for enhanced corrosion resistance and deposition behaviors in SBF. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2015, 269(15): 183-190.
18. Lane J, Sandhu H. Current approaches to experimental bone grafting. Orthop Clin North Am, 1987, 18(2): 213-225.
19. Fazel Anvari-Yazdi A, Tahermanesh K, Hadavi SM, et al. Cytotoxicity assessment of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on synthesized biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca alloys. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016, 69: 584-597.
20. Zhao J, CHEN JL, YU K, et al. Effects of chitosan coating on biocompatibility of Mg-6%Zn-10%Ca₃(PO₄)₂ implant. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc. China, 2015, 3: 824-831.
21. Jang Y, Tan Z, Jurey C, et al. Understanding corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys from subcutaneous mouse model: effect of Zn element concentration and plasma electrolytic oxidation. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2015, 48: 28-40.
22. Zeng RC, Cui LY, Jiang K, et al. In vitro corrosion and cytocompatibility of a microarc oxidation coating and poly (L-lactic acid) composite coating on Mg-1Li-1Ca alloy for orthopedic implants. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2016, 8(15): 10014-10028.
23. Wu YF, Wang YM, Jing YB, et al. In vivo study of microarc oxidation coated biodegradable magnesium plate to heal bone fracture defect of 3mm width. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2017, 158: 147-156.
24. Chen S, Guan SK, Li W, et al. In vivo degradation and bone response of a composite coating on Mg-Zn-Ca alloy prepared by microarc oxidation and electrochemical deposition. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2012, 100(2): 533-543.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

In vivo study of a novel micro-arc oxidation coated magnesium-zinc-calcium alloy scaffold/autologous bone particles repairing critical size bone defect in rabbit

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