Research progress in influence of microstructure on performance of triply-periodic minimal surface bone scaffolds_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

SUN Yadi ^1,2,3 ,  MA Jianxiong ^1,2,3 , WANG Yan ^1,2,3 , DONG Benchao ^1,2,3 , YANG Peichuan ^1,2,3 , LI Yan ^1,2,3 , LI Yiyang ^1,2,3 , ZHOU Liyun ^1,2,3 , SHEN Jiahui ^1,2,3 , MA Xinlong ^1,2,3

1. Institute of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University (Tianjin Hospital), Tianjin, 300211, P. R. China;
2. Tianjin Orthopaedic Institute, Tianjin, 300050, P. R. China;
3. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tianjin, 300050, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

MA Jianxiong, Email: mjx969@163.com

Keywords：

Triply-periodic minimal surface; bone scaffold; microstructure; property

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202305004

Video：

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Objective To summarize the influence of microstructure on performance of triply-periodic minimal surface (TPMS) bone scaffolds. Methods The relevant literature on the microstructure of TPMS bone scaffolds both domestically and internationally in recent years was widely reviewed, and the research progress in the imfluence of microstructure on the performance of bone scaffolds was summarized. Results The microstructure characteristics of TPMS bone scaffolds, such as pore shape, porosity, pore size, curvature, specific surface area, and tortuosity, exert a profound influence on bone scaffold performance. By finely adjusting the above parameters, it becomes feasible to substantially optimize the structural mechanical characteristics of the scaffold, thereby effectively preempting the occurrence of stress shielding phenomena. Concurrently, the manipulation of these parameters can also optimize the scaffold’s biological performance, facilitating cell adhesion, proliferation, and growth, while facilitating the ingrowth and permeation of bone tissue. Ultimately, the ideal bone fusion results will obtain. Conclusion The microstructure significantly and substantially influences the performance of TPMS bone scaffolds. By deeply exploring the characteristics of these microstructure effects on the performance of bone scaffolds, the design of bone scaffolds can be further optimized to better match specific implantation regions.

Citation： SUN Yadi, MA Jianxiong, WANG Yan, DONG Benchao, YANG Peichuan, LI Yan, LI Yiyang, ZHOU Liyun, SHEN Jiahui, MA Xinlong. Research progress in influence of microstructure on performance of triply-periodic minimal surface bone scaffolds. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2023, 37(10): 1314-1318. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202305004 Copy

1.	Mont MA, Salem HS, Piuzzi NS, et al. Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head: Where do we stand today?: A 5-year update. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2020, 102(12): 1084-1099.
2.	Maruyama M, Pan CC, Moeinzadeh S, et al. Effect of porosity of a functionally-graded scaffold for the treatment of corticosteroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rabbits. J Orthop Translat, 2021, 28: 90-99.
3.	Gupta K, Meena K. Artificial bone scaffolds and bone joints by additive manufacturing: A review. Bioprinting, 2023, 31: e00268.
4.	Tsubosaka M, Maruyama M, Lui E, et al. The efficiency of genetically modified mesenchymal stromal cells combined with a functionally graded scaffold for bone regeneration in corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2023, 111(8): 1120-1134.
5.	He D, Zhuang C, Xu S, et al. 3D printing of Mg-substituted wollastonite reinforcing diopside porous bioceramics with enhanced mechanical and biological performances. Bioact Mater, 2016, 1(1): 85-92.
6.	Wu J, Zhang Y, Lyu Y, et al. On the various numerical techniques for the optimization of bone scaffold. Materials (Basel), 2023, 16(3): 974.
7.	Mustafa NS, Akhmal NH, Izman S, et al. Application of computational method in designing a unit cell of bone tissue engineering scaffold: A review. Polymers (Basel), 2021, 13(10): 1584.
8.	Feng J, Fu J, Yao X, et al. Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous structures: from multi-scale design, precise additive manufacturing to multidisciplinary applications. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, 2022, 4(2): 022001.
9.	Zeng C, Wang W. Modeling method for variable and isotropic permeability design of porous material based on TPMS lattices. Tribology International, 2022, 176: 107913.
10.	Guo W, Yang Y, Liu C, et al. 3D printed TPMS structural PLA/GO scaffold: Process parameter optimization, porous structure, mechanical and biological properties. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2023, 142: 105848.
11.	Karuna C, Poltue T, Khrueaduangkham S, et al. Mechanical and fluid characteristics of triply periodic minimal surface bone scaffolds under various functionally graded strategies. J Comput Des Eng, 2022, 9(4): 1258-1278.
12.	Feng J, Fu J, Shang C, et al. Porous scaffold design by solid T-splines and triply periodic minimal surfaces. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2018, 336: 333-352.
13.	Feng J, Fu J, Shang C, et al. Efficient generation strategy for hierarchical porous scaffolds with freeform external geometries. Additive Manufacturing, 2020, 31: 100943.
14.	Al-Ketan O, Rowshan R, Al-Rub RKA. Topology-mechanical property relationship of 3D printed strut, skeletal, and sheet based periodic metallic cellular materials. Additive Manufacturing, 2018, 19: 167-183.
15.	Belda R, Megías R, Marco M, et al. Numerical analysis of the influence of triply periodic minimal surface structures morphometry on the mechanical response. Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2023, 230: 107342.
16.	Wang X, Xu S, Zhou S, et al. Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review. Biomaterials, 2016, 83: 127-141.
17.	Afshar M, Anaraki AP, Montazerian H, et al. Additive manufacturing and mechanical characterization of graded porosity scaffolds designed based on triply periodic minimal surface architectures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2016, 62: 481-494.
18.	Li Z, Zhao R, Chen X, et al. Design approach for tuning the hybrid region of 3D-printed heterogeneous structures: modulating mechanics and energy absorption capacity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023, 15(6): 7686-7699.
19.	Zhang X, Jiang L, Yan X, et al. Revealing the apparent and local mechanical properties of heterogeneous lattice: a multi-scale study of functionally graded scaffold. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2023, 18(1): e2120406.
20.	Spece H, Yu T, Law AW, et al. 3D printed porous PEEK created via fused filament fabrication for osteoconductive orthopaedic surfaces. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2020, 109: 103850.
21.	Yuan L, Ding S, Wen C. Additive manufacturing technology for porous metal implant applications and triple minimal surface structures: A review. Bioact Mater, 2018, 4(1): 56-70.
22.	Soro N, Attar H, Wu X, et al. Investigation of the structure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V biomedical scaffolds designed with a Schwartz primitive unit-cell. Mater Sci Eng A, 2019, 745: 195-202.
23.	Kladovasilakis N, Tsongas K, Tzetzis D. Mechanical and FEA-assisted characterization of fused filament fabricated triply periodic minimal surface structures. J Compos Sci, 2021, 5(2), 58.
24.	Yánez A, Herrera A, Martel O, et al. Compressive behaviour of gyroid lattice structures for human cancellous bone implant applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016, 68: 445-448.
25.	Yánez A, Cuadrado A, Martel O, et al. Gyroid porous titanium structures: a versatile solution to be used as scaffolds in bone defect reconstruction, Mater Des, 2018, 140: 21-29.
26.	Henkel J, Woodruff MA, Epari DR, et al. Bone regeneration based on tissue engineering conceptions—A 21st century perspective. Bone Res, 2013, 1(3): 216-248.
27.	Ma S, Tang Q, Han X, et al. Manufacturability, mechanical properties, mass-transport properties and biocompatibility of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous scaffolds fabricated by selective laser melting. Materials & Design, 2020, 195: 109034.
28.	Asbai-Ghoudan R, Ruiz de Galarreta S, Rodriguez-Florez N. Analytical model for the prediction of permeability of triply periodic minimal surfaces. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2021, 124: 104804.
29.	Santos J, Pires T, Gouveia BP, et al. On the permeability of TPMS scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2020, 110: 103932.
30.	Pires T, Santos J, Ruben RB, et al. Numerical-experimental analysis of the permeability-porosity relationship in triply periodic minimal surfaces scaffolds. J Biomech, 2021, 117: 110263.
31.	Zhang S, Vijayavenkataraman S, Lu WF, et al. A review on the use of computational methods to characterize, design, and optimize tissue engineering scaffolds, with a potential in 3D printing fabrication. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2019, 107(5): 1329-1351.
32.	李祥, 高芮宁, 熊胤泽, 等. 基于TPMS结构的多孔钛制备与表征. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2020, 49(1): 325-330.
33.	Ali D, Sen S. Permeability and fluid flow-induced wall shear stress of bone tissue scaffolds: Computational fluid dynamic analysis using Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood flow models. Comput Biol Med, 2018, 99: 201-208.
34.	Fu M, Wang F, Lin G. Design and research of bone repair scaffold based on two-way fluid-structure interaction. Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2021, 204: 106055.
35.	Hayashi K, Munar ML, Ishikawa K. Effects of macropore size in carbonate apatite honeycomb scaffolds on bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020, 111: 110848.
36.	Yang N, Wei H, Mao Z. Tuning surface curvatures and young’s moduli of TPMS-based lattices independent of volume fraction. Materials & Design, 2022, 216: 110542.
37.	Blanquer SBG, Werner M, Hannula M, et al. Surface curvature in triply-periodic minimal surface architectures as a distinct design parameter in preparing advanced tissue engineering scaffolds. Biofabrication, 2017, 9(2): 025001.
38.	Yu G, Li Z, Li S, et al. The select of internal architecture for porous Ti alloy scaffold: A compromise between mechanical properties and permeability. Materials & Design, 2020, 192: 108754.
39.	Zhang Z, Zhang H, Li Y, et al. A Modeling method of graded porous scaffold based on triply periodic minimal surfaces. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/7129482.
40.	秦嘉伟, 熊胤泽, 高芮宁, 等. 杆状和片状三周期极小曲面模型孔隙特征与力学性能对比. 医用生物力学, 2021, 36(4): 576-581.
41.	Jin Y, Zou S, Pan B, et al. Biomechanical properties of cylindrical and twisted triply periodic minimal surface scaffolds fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Additive Manufacturing, 2022, 56: 102899.

1. Mont MA, Salem HS, Piuzzi NS, et al. Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head: Where do we stand today?: A 5-year update. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2020, 102(12): 1084-1099.
2. Maruyama M, Pan CC, Moeinzadeh S, et al. Effect of porosity of a functionally-graded scaffold for the treatment of corticosteroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rabbits. J Orthop Translat, 2021, 28: 90-99.
3. Gupta K, Meena K. Artificial bone scaffolds and bone joints by additive manufacturing: A review. Bioprinting, 2023, 31: e00268.
4. Tsubosaka M, Maruyama M, Lui E, et al. The efficiency of genetically modified mesenchymal stromal cells combined with a functionally graded scaffold for bone regeneration in corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2023, 111(8): 1120-1134.
5. He D, Zhuang C, Xu S, et al. 3D printing of Mg-substituted wollastonite reinforcing diopside porous bioceramics with enhanced mechanical and biological performances. Bioact Mater, 2016, 1(1): 85-92.
6. Wu J, Zhang Y, Lyu Y, et al. On the various numerical techniques for the optimization of bone scaffold. Materials (Basel), 2023, 16(3): 974.
7. Mustafa NS, Akhmal NH, Izman S, et al. Application of computational method in designing a unit cell of bone tissue engineering scaffold: A review. Polymers (Basel), 2021, 13(10): 1584.
8. Feng J, Fu J, Yao X, et al. Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous structures: from multi-scale design, precise additive manufacturing to multidisciplinary applications. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, 2022, 4(2): 022001.
9. Zeng C, Wang W. Modeling method for variable and isotropic permeability design of porous material based on TPMS lattices. Tribology International, 2022, 176: 107913.
10. Guo W, Yang Y, Liu C, et al. 3D printed TPMS structural PLA/GO scaffold: Process parameter optimization, porous structure, mechanical and biological properties. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2023, 142: 105848.
11. Karuna C, Poltue T, Khrueaduangkham S, et al. Mechanical and fluid characteristics of triply periodic minimal surface bone scaffolds under various functionally graded strategies. J Comput Des Eng, 2022, 9(4): 1258-1278.
12. Feng J, Fu J, Shang C, et al. Porous scaffold design by solid T-splines and triply periodic minimal surfaces. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2018, 336: 333-352.
13. Feng J, Fu J, Shang C, et al. Efficient generation strategy for hierarchical porous scaffolds with freeform external geometries. Additive Manufacturing, 2020, 31: 100943.
14. Al-Ketan O, Rowshan R, Al-Rub RKA. Topology-mechanical property relationship of 3D printed strut, skeletal, and sheet based periodic metallic cellular materials. Additive Manufacturing, 2018, 19: 167-183.
15. Belda R, Megías R, Marco M, et al. Numerical analysis of the influence of triply periodic minimal surface structures morphometry on the mechanical response. Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2023, 230: 107342.
16. Wang X, Xu S, Zhou S, et al. Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review. Biomaterials, 2016, 83: 127-141.
17. Afshar M, Anaraki AP, Montazerian H, et al. Additive manufacturing and mechanical characterization of graded porosity scaffolds designed based on triply periodic minimal surface architectures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2016, 62: 481-494.
18. Li Z, Zhao R, Chen X, et al. Design approach for tuning the hybrid region of 3D-printed heterogeneous structures: modulating mechanics and energy absorption capacity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2023, 15(6): 7686-7699.
19. Zhang X, Jiang L, Yan X, et al. Revealing the apparent and local mechanical properties of heterogeneous lattice: a multi-scale study of functionally graded scaffold. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2023, 18(1): e2120406.
20. Spece H, Yu T, Law AW, et al. 3D printed porous PEEK created via fused filament fabrication for osteoconductive orthopaedic surfaces. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2020, 109: 103850.
21. Yuan L, Ding S, Wen C. Additive manufacturing technology for porous metal implant applications and triple minimal surface structures: A review. Bioact Mater, 2018, 4(1): 56-70.
22. Soro N, Attar H, Wu X, et al. Investigation of the structure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V biomedical scaffolds designed with a Schwartz primitive unit-cell. Mater Sci Eng A, 2019, 745: 195-202.
23. Kladovasilakis N, Tsongas K, Tzetzis D. Mechanical and FEA-assisted characterization of fused filament fabricated triply periodic minimal surface structures. J Compos Sci, 2021, 5(2), 58.
24. Yánez A, Herrera A, Martel O, et al. Compressive behaviour of gyroid lattice structures for human cancellous bone implant applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016, 68: 445-448.
25. Yánez A, Cuadrado A, Martel O, et al. Gyroid porous titanium structures: a versatile solution to be used as scaffolds in bone defect reconstruction, Mater Des, 2018, 140: 21-29.
26. Henkel J, Woodruff MA, Epari DR, et al. Bone regeneration based on tissue engineering conceptions—A 21st century perspective. Bone Res, 2013, 1(3): 216-248.
27. Ma S, Tang Q, Han X, et al. Manufacturability, mechanical properties, mass-transport properties and biocompatibility of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous scaffolds fabricated by selective laser melting. Materials & Design, 2020, 195: 109034.
28. Asbai-Ghoudan R, Ruiz de Galarreta S, Rodriguez-Florez N. Analytical model for the prediction of permeability of triply periodic minimal surfaces. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2021, 124: 104804.
29. Santos J, Pires T, Gouveia BP, et al. On the permeability of TPMS scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2020, 110: 103932.
30. Pires T, Santos J, Ruben RB, et al. Numerical-experimental analysis of the permeability-porosity relationship in triply periodic minimal surfaces scaffolds. J Biomech, 2021, 117: 110263.
31. Zhang S, Vijayavenkataraman S, Lu WF, et al. A review on the use of computational methods to characterize, design, and optimize tissue engineering scaffolds, with a potential in 3D printing fabrication. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2019, 107(5): 1329-1351.
32. 李祥, 高芮宁, 熊胤泽, 等. 基于TPMS结构的多孔钛制备与表征. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2020, 49(1): 325-330.
33. Ali D, Sen S. Permeability and fluid flow-induced wall shear stress of bone tissue scaffolds: Computational fluid dynamic analysis using Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood flow models. Comput Biol Med, 2018, 99: 201-208.
34. Fu M, Wang F, Lin G. Design and research of bone repair scaffold based on two-way fluid-structure interaction. Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2021, 204: 106055.
35. Hayashi K, Munar ML, Ishikawa K. Effects of macropore size in carbonate apatite honeycomb scaffolds on bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020, 111: 110848.
36. Yang N, Wei H, Mao Z. Tuning surface curvatures and young’s moduli of TPMS-based lattices independent of volume fraction. Materials & Design, 2022, 216: 110542.
37. Blanquer SBG, Werner M, Hannula M, et al. Surface curvature in triply-periodic minimal surface architectures as a distinct design parameter in preparing advanced tissue engineering scaffolds. Biofabrication, 2017, 9(2): 025001.
38. Yu G, Li Z, Li S, et al. The select of internal architecture for porous Ti alloy scaffold: A compromise between mechanical properties and permeability. Materials & Design, 2020, 192: 108754.
39. Zhang Z, Zhang H, Li Y, et al. A Modeling method of graded porous scaffold based on triply periodic minimal surfaces. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/7129482.
40. 秦嘉伟, 熊胤泽, 高芮宁, 等. 杆状和片状三周期极小曲面模型孔隙特征与力学性能对比. 医用生物力学, 2021, 36(4): 576-581.
41. Jin Y, Zou S, Pan B, et al. Biomechanical properties of cylindrical and twisted triply periodic minimal surface scaffolds fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Additive Manufacturing, 2022, 56: 102899.

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