Cardiac Rehabilitation Past, Present and Future: An Overview_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

WarnerM. Mampuya

Service de cardiologie, centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, canada;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Secondary prevention; Exercise training; cardiac rehabilitation

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.20150180

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cardiac rehabilitation has evolved over the past decades from a simple monitoring for the safe return to physical activities to a multidisciplinary approach that focuses on patient education, individually tailored exercise training, modification of the risk factors and the overall well-being of the cardiac patients. It has been proven to be an effective tool for the care of the patients with heart disease. Recent research in cardiac rehabilitation has demonstrated that tremendous benefits can be derived from the optimal use of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with various cardiac pathologies including ischemic heart disease, heart failure and post heart surgery. The benefits of cardiac rehabilitation include mortality reduction, symptom relief, reduction in smoking and improved exercise tolerance, risk factors modification and the overall psychosocial wellbeing. Unfortunately, cardiac rehabilitation remains considerably underutilized mainly because of referral problems and poor enrollment. The development of alternate approaches and the use of transtelephonic and other means of monitoring and surveillance will help expand the utilization of cardiac rehabilitation.

Citation： WarnerM. Mampuya. Cardiac Rehabilitation Past, Present and Future: An Overview. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2015, 22(8): 709-718. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.20150180 Copy

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1. Thomas RJ, King M, Lui K, et al. AAcVPR/Acc/AHA 2007 performance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention services. J cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2007, 27:260-290.
2. Giannuzzi P, Saner H, Björnstad H, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation:position paper of the Working Group on cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of cardiology. Eur Heart J, 2003, 24:1273-1278.
3. AHA; Acc; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, et al. AHA/Acc guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease:2006 update endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J Am coll cardiol, 2006, 47:2130-2139.
4. Piepoli MF, corrà U, Benzer W, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation:from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 2010, 17:1-17.
5. Levine SA, Lown B. The "chair" treatment of acute thrombosis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians, 1951, 64:316-327.
6. Morris JN, Heady JA. Mortality in relation to the physical activity of work:a preliminary note on experience in middle age. Br J Ind Med, 1953,10:245-254.
7. cardus D. Effects of 10 days recumbency on the response to the bicycle ergometer test. Aerosp Med, 1966, 37:993-999.
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9. Bethell HJ. cardiac rehabilitation:from Hellerstein to the millennium. Int J clin Pract, 2000, 54:92-97.
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12. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study):case-control study. Lancet, 2004, 364:937-952.
13. Broustet JP, Monpère c. cooperative survey of the results of coronary surgery during cardiac rehabilitation. Arch Mal coeur Vaiss, 1994, 87:1267-1273.
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15. Sullivan MJ, Higginbotham MB, cobb FR. Exercise training in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects. circulation, 1988, 78:506-515.
16. Zwisler AD, Soja AM, Rasmussen S, et al. Hospital-based comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation versus usual care among patients with congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, or high risk of ischemic heart disease:12-month results of a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J, 2008, 155:1106-1113.
17. Ueno A, Tomizawa Y. cardiac rehabilitation and artificial heart devices. J Artif Organs, 2009, 12:90-97.
18. Scrutinio D, Giannuzzi P. comorbidity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery:impact on outcome and implications for cardiac rehabilitation. Eur J cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 2008, 15:379-385.
19. Pande RL, Perlstein TS, Beckman JA, et al. Secondary prevention and mortality in peripheral artery disease:National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, 1999 to 2004. circulation, 2011, 124:17-23.
20. Naughton J. Exercise training for patients with coronary artery disease. cardiac rehabilitation revisited. Sports Med, 1992, 14:304-319.
21. Squires RW, Gau GT, Miller TD, et al. cardiovascular rehabilitation:status, 1990. Mayo clin Proc,1990, 65:731-755.
22. Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, et al. core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs:2007 update:a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Exercise, cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention committee, the council on clinical cardiology; the councils on cardiovascular Nursing, Epidemiology and Prevention, and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the American Association of cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. circulation, 2007, 115:2675-2682.
23. Smith Sc Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/AccF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease:2011 update:a guideline from the American Heart Association and American college of cardiology Foundation. circulation, 2011, 124:2458-2473.
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25. Mendes M. Patient assessment before initiating a cardiac rehabilitation program after an acute myocardial infarct——the role of the stress test. Rev Port cardiol, 1995,14:553-558.
26. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, et al. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med, 2002, 346:793-801.
27. Jolly MA, Brennan DM, cho L. Impact of exercise on heart rate recovery. circulation, 2011, 124:1520-1526.
28. Lavie cJ, Milani RV. cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. Prog cardiovasc Dis, 2011, 53:397-403.
29. Rognmo Ø, Hetland E, Helgerud J, et al. High intensity aerobic interval exercise is superior to moderate intensity exercise for increasing aerobic capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 2004, 11:216-222.
30. Warburton DE, McKenzie Dc, Haykowsky MJ, et al. Effectiveness of highintensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am J cardiol, 2005, 95:1080-1084.
31. Wisløff U, Støylen A, Loennechen JP, et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients:a randomized study. circulation, 2007, 115:3086-3094.
32. Ades PA, Savage PD, Harvey-Berino J. The treatment of obesity in cardiac rehabilitation. J cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2010, 30:289-298.
33. clark AM, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, et al. Meta-analysis:secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med, 2005, 143:659-672.
34. Artinian NT, Fletcher GF, Mozaffarian D, et al. Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults:a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. circulation, 2010, 122:406-441.
35. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice:full text. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 2007, 14:S1-113.
36. Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, et al. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease:a meta-analysis.circulation, 2011, 124:789-795.
37. critchley JA, capewell S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease:a systematic review. JAMA, 2003, 290:86-97.
38. Mohiuddin SM, Mooss AN, Hunter cB, et al. Intensive smoking cessation intervention reduces mortality in high-risk smokers with cardiovascular disease. chest, 2007, 131:446-452.
39. Brennan A. Efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation 2:Smoking and behaviour modification. Br J Nurs, 1997, 6:737-740.
40. Allison TG. Improving weight loss in cardiac rehabilitation. circulation, 2009, 119:2650-2652.
41. Rao G, Burke LE, Spring BJ, et al. New and emerging weight management strategies for busy ambulatory settings:a scientific statement from the American Heart Association endorsed by the Society of Behavioral Medicine. circulation, 2011, 124:1182-1203.
42. Yusuf S, Lonn E, Bosch J. Lipid lowering for primary prevention. Lancet, 2009, 373:1152-1155.
43. EUROASPIRE Ⅰ and Ⅱ Group; European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events. clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines:a comparison of EUROASPIRE Ⅰ and Ⅱ in nine countries. EUROASPIRE Ⅰ and Ⅱ Group. European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events. Lancet, 2001,357:995-1001.
44. carroll S, Tsakirides c, Hobkirk J, et al. Differential improvements in lipid profiles and Framingham recurrent risk score in patients with and without diabetes mellitus undergoing long-term cardiac rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2011, 92:1382-1387.
45. Hedner T, Hansson L, Jern S. What is happening to blood pressure? Blood Press, 1996, 5:132-133.
46. Zanchetti A. What blood pressure levels should be treated? clin Investig, 1992, 70:S2-S6.
47. Aldana SG, Whitmer WR, Greenlaw R, et al. cardiovascular risk reductions associated with aggressive lifestyle modification and cardiac rehabilitation. Heart Lung, 2003, 32:374-382.
48. Romon I, Fosse S, Eschwège E, et al. Prevalence of macrovascular complications and cardiovascular risk factors in people treated for diabetes and living in France:the ENTRED study 2001. Diabetes Metab, 2008, 34:140-147.
49. Banzer JA, Maguire TE, Kennedy cM, et al. Results of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J cardiol, 2004, 93:81-84.
50. Milani RV, Lavie cJ, cassidy MM. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs on depression in patients after major coronary events. Am Heart J, 1996, 132:726-732.
51. Denollet J, Brutsaert DL. Enhancing emotional well-being by comprehensive rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J, 1995, 16:1070-1078.
52. Lavie cJ, Milani RV. cardiac rehabilitation, exercise training, and psychosocial risk factors. J Am coll cardiol, 2006, 47:213.
53. Ranjit N, Diez-Roux AV, Shea S, et al. Psychosocial factors and inflammation in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arch Intern Med, 2007, 167:174-181.
54. Milani RV, Lavie cJ. Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on depression and its associated mortality. Am J Med, 2007, 120:799-806.
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