Research Progress on Correlation Between Inflammation and Atrial Fibrillation_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

1. Graduate School of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China;
2. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Command, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Atrial fibrillation; Inflammation; Upstream therapies

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.20160016

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Atrial fibrillation(AF)is one of the most common cardiac dysrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. Although major advances in management and prophylaxis in recent years, AF continues to be associated with increased morbidity, repeated hospitalization, reduced quality of life, and even death, causing great social and economic burden. So far, the mechanism underlying AF is not completely elucidated. There is an enormous and complicated pathogenesis involved in the occurrence and maintenance of AF. At present, a lot of studies show that inflammation is closely associated with AF. Inflammation may take part in the occurrence and maintenance of AF through the influence of cardiac electrical remodeling and structural remodeling. This review focuses on research progress of correlation evidence of inflammation and atrial fibrillation and anti-inflammatory drug therapies of AF.

Citation： HOUPeng, WANGHui-shan. Research Progress on Correlation Between Inflammation and Atrial Fibrillation. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2016, 23(1): 72-77. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.20160016 Copy

1.	January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guide-line for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circ, 2014, 130(23): e199-e267.
2.	Chugh SS, Havmoeller R, Narayanan K, et al. Worldwide epidemio-logy of atrial fibrillation: a global burden of disease 2010 Study. Circ, 2014, 129(8): 837-847.
3.	黄从新, 张澍, 马长生, 等.心房颤动:目前的认识和治疗建议——2012.中华心律失常学杂志, 2012, 16(4): 246-289.
4.	Galea R, Cardillo MT, Caroli A, et al. Inflammation and C-reactive protein in atrial fibrillation: cause or effect? Tex Heart Inst J, 2014, 41(5): 461-468.
5.	Hu YF, Chen YJ, Lin YJ, et al. Inflammation and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2015, 12(4):230-243.
6.	Spodick DH. Arrhythmias during acute pericarditis: a prospective study of 100 consecutive cases. JAMA, 1976, 235(1): 39-41.
7.	Page PL, Plumb VJ, Okumura K, et al. A new animal model of atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1986, 8(4): 872-879.
8.	Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 1997, 96(4): 1180-1184.
9.	Bruins P, Te VH, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the comple-ment system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation, 1997, 96(10): 3542-3548.
10.	Giannopoulos G, Cleman MW, Deftereos S. Inflammation fueling atrial fibrillation substrate: seeking ways to "cool" the heart. Med Chem, 2014, 10(7): 663-671.
11.	Lappegard KT, Hovland A, Pop GA, et al. Atrial fibrillation: inflam-mation in disguise?. Scand J Immunol, 2013, 78(2): 112-119.
12.	Wu N, Xu B, Xiang Y, et al. Association of inflammatory factors with occurrence and recurrence of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol, 2013, 169(1): 62-72.
13.	Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein eleva-tion in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2001, 104(24): 2886-2891.
14.	Aviles R J, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2003, 108(24): 3006-3010.
15.	Lo B, Fijnheer R, Nierich AP, et al. C-reactive protein is a risk indicator for atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg, 2005, 79(5): 1530-1535.
16.	Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein to the prothrombotic state in chronic atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 43(11): 2075-2082.
17.	Psychari SN, Apostolou TS, Sinos L, et al. Relation of elevated C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels to left atrial size and duration of episodes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol, 2005, 95(6): 764-767.
18.	Gaudino M, Andreotti F, Zamparelli R, et al. The-174G/C interleukin-6 polymorphism influences postoperative interleukin-6 levels and postoperative atrial fibrillation. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory complication? Circulation, 2003, 108(Suppl 1): I195-I199.
19.	Qu YC, Du YM, Wu SL, et al. Activated nuclear factor-kappa B and increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha in atrial tissue of atrial fibrillation. Scand Cardiovasc J, 2009, 43(5): 292-297.
20.	Leftheriotis DI, Fountoulaki KT, Flevari PG, et al. The predictive value of inflammatory and oxidative markers following the successful cardioversion of persistent lone atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol, 2009, 135(3): 361-369.
21.	De Gennaro L, Brunetti ND, Montrone D, et al. Inflammatory activation and carbohydrate antigen-125 levels in subjects with atrial fibrillation. Eur J Clin Invest, 2012, 42(4): 371-375.
22.	Rienstra M, Sun JX, Magnani JW, et al. White blood cell count and risk of incident atrial fibrillation (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol, 2012, 109(4): 533-537.
23.	Mirhosseini SJ, Ali-Hassan-Sayegh S, Forouzannia SK. What is the exact predictive role of preoperative white blood cell count for new-onset atrial fibrillation following open heart surgery? Saudi J Anaesth, 2013, 7(1): 40-42.
24.	Jacob KA, Nathoe HM, Dieleman JM, et al. Inflammation in new-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest, 2014, 44(4): 402-428.
25.	Gibson PH, Cuthbertson BH, Croal BL, et al. Usefulness of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio as predictor of new-onset atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol, 2010, 105(2): 186-191.
26.	Guo X, Zhang S, Yan X, et al. Postablation neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio correlates with arrhythmia recurrence after catheter ablation of lone atrial fibrillation. Chin Med J (Engl), 2014, 127(6): 1033-1038.
27.	Acet H, Ertas F, Akil MA, et al. New inflammatory predictors for non-valvular atrial fibrillation: echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2014, 30(1): 81-89.
28.	Bhat T, Teli S, Rijal J, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cardiovascular diseases: a review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2013, 11(1): 55-59.
29.	Goette A, Staack T, Rocken C, et al. Increased expression of extrace-llular signal-regulated kinase and angiotensin-converting enzyme in human atria during atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2000, 35(6): 1669-1677.
30.	Cardin S, Li D, Thorin-Trescases N, et al. Evolution of the atrial fibrillation substrate in experimental congestive heart failure: angio-tensin-dependent and-independent pathways. Cardiovasc Res, 2003, 60(2): 315-325.
31.	Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, et al. C-Reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol, 2006, 97(9): 1346-1350.
32.	Canbaz S, Erbas H, Huseyin S, et al. The role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation following open heart surgery. J Int Med Res, 2008, 36(5): 1070-1076.
33.	Lindhardsen J, Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, et al. Risk of atrial fibrilla-tion and stroke in rheumatoid arthritis: Danish nationwide cohort study. BMJ, 2012, 344(4): e1257.
34.	Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, Jorgensen CH, et al. Psoriasis and risk of atrial fibrillation and ischaemic stroke: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J, 2012, 33(16): 2054-2064.
35.	Emilsson L, Smith JG, West J, et al. Increased risk of atrial fibrilla-tion in patients with coeliac disease: a nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J, 2011, 32(19): 2430-2437.
36.	Roman C, Bruley DVS, Muresan L, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(28): 9592-9599.
37.	Fauchier L, Pierre B, Clementy N, et al. Non-antiarrhythmic drugs for the prevention of atrial fibrillation: ACEIs, ARBs, statins and PUFAs. J Med Liban, 2013, 61(2): 105-108.
38.	Patti G, Chello M, Candura D, et al. Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of the ARMYDA-3(Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Dysrhythmia After cardiac surgery) study. Circulation, 2006, 114(14): 1455-1461.
39.	Kourliouros A, De Souza A, Roberts N, et al. Dose-related effect of statins on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg, 2008, 85(5): 1515-1520.
40.	Ozaydin M, Varol E, Aslan SM, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on the recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Am J Cardiol, 2006, 97(10): 1490-1493.
41.	Young-Xu Y, Jabbour S, Goldberg R, et al. Usefulness of statin drugs in protecting against atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol, 2003, 92(12): 1379-1383.
42.	Patel AA, White CM, Shah SA, et al. The relationship between statin use and atrial fibrillation. Curr Med Res Opin, 2007, 23(5): 1177-1185.
43.	Pena JM, Macfadyen J, Glynn RJ, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, statin therapy, and risks of atrial fibrillation: an exploratory analysis of the JUPITER trial. Eur Heart J, 2012, 33(4): 531-537.
44.	Virani SS, Nambi V, Lee VV, et al. Does preoperative statin therapy improve outcomes in patients undergoing isolated cardiac valve surgery? Am J Cardiol, 2008, 102(9): 1235-1239.
45.	Tveit A, Grundtvig M, Gundersen T, et al. Analysis of pravastatin to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Am J Cardiol, 2004, 93(6): 780-782.
46.	Adabag AS, Nelson DB, Bloomfield HE. Effects of statin therapy on preventing atrial fibrillation in coronary disease and heart failure. Am Heart J, 2007, 154(6): 1140-1145.
47.	Imazio M, Brucato A, Ferrazzi P, et al. Colchicine reduces postopera-tive atrial fibrillation: results of the Colchicine for the Prevention of the Postpericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS) atrial fibrillation substudy. Circulation, 2011, 124(21): 2290-2295.
48.	Deftereos S, Giannopoulos G, Kossyvakis C, et al. Colchicine for prevention of early atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation: a randomized controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(18): 1790-1796.
49.	Imazio M, Brucato A, Ferrazzi P, et al. Colchicine for prevention of postpericardiotomy syndrome and postoperative atrial fibrillation: the COPPS-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2014, 312(10): 1016-1023.
50.	Vermes E, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG, et al. Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials. Circulation, 2003, 107(23): 2926-2931.
51.	Ducharme A, Swedberg K, Pfeffer MA, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure by candesartan in the Candesartan in heart failure: assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Am Heart J, 2006, 152(1): 86-92.
52.	Savelieva I, Kakouros N, Kourliouros A, et al. Upstream therapies for management of atrial fibrillation: review of clinical evidence and implications for European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Part I: primary prevention. Europace, 2011, 13(3): 308-328.

1. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guide-line for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circ, 2014, 130(23): e199-e267.
2. Chugh SS, Havmoeller R, Narayanan K, et al. Worldwide epidemio-logy of atrial fibrillation: a global burden of disease 2010 Study. Circ, 2014, 129(8): 837-847.
3. 黄从新, 张澍, 马长生, 等.心房颤动:目前的认识和治疗建议——2012.中华心律失常学杂志, 2012, 16(4): 246-289.
4. Galea R, Cardillo MT, Caroli A, et al. Inflammation and C-reactive protein in atrial fibrillation: cause or effect? Tex Heart Inst J, 2014, 41(5): 461-468.
5. Hu YF, Chen YJ, Lin YJ, et al. Inflammation and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2015, 12(4):230-243.
6. Spodick DH. Arrhythmias during acute pericarditis: a prospective study of 100 consecutive cases. JAMA, 1976, 235(1): 39-41.
7. Page PL, Plumb VJ, Okumura K, et al. A new animal model of atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1986, 8(4): 872-879.
8. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 1997, 96(4): 1180-1184.
9. Bruins P, Te VH, Yazdanbakhsh AP, et al. Activation of the comple-ment system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia. Circulation, 1997, 96(10): 3542-3548.
10. Giannopoulos G, Cleman MW, Deftereos S. Inflammation fueling atrial fibrillation substrate: seeking ways to "cool" the heart. Med Chem, 2014, 10(7): 663-671.
11. Lappegard KT, Hovland A, Pop GA, et al. Atrial fibrillation: inflam-mation in disguise?. Scand J Immunol, 2013, 78(2): 112-119.
12. Wu N, Xu B, Xiang Y, et al. Association of inflammatory factors with occurrence and recurrence of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol, 2013, 169(1): 62-72.
13. Chung MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, et al. C-reactive protein eleva-tion in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2001, 104(24): 2886-2891.
14. Aviles R J, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation, 2003, 108(24): 3006-3010.
15. Lo B, Fijnheer R, Nierich AP, et al. C-reactive protein is a risk indicator for atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg, 2005, 79(5): 1530-1535.
16. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein to the prothrombotic state in chronic atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 43(11): 2075-2082.
17. Psychari SN, Apostolou TS, Sinos L, et al. Relation of elevated C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels to left atrial size and duration of episodes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol, 2005, 95(6): 764-767.
18. Gaudino M, Andreotti F, Zamparelli R, et al. The-174G/C interleukin-6 polymorphism influences postoperative interleukin-6 levels and postoperative atrial fibrillation. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory complication? Circulation, 2003, 108(Suppl 1): I195-I199.
19. Qu YC, Du YM, Wu SL, et al. Activated nuclear factor-kappa B and increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha in atrial tissue of atrial fibrillation. Scand Cardiovasc J, 2009, 43(5): 292-297.
20. Leftheriotis DI, Fountoulaki KT, Flevari PG, et al. The predictive value of inflammatory and oxidative markers following the successful cardioversion of persistent lone atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol, 2009, 135(3): 361-369.
21. De Gennaro L, Brunetti ND, Montrone D, et al. Inflammatory activation and carbohydrate antigen-125 levels in subjects with atrial fibrillation. Eur J Clin Invest, 2012, 42(4): 371-375.
22. Rienstra M, Sun JX, Magnani JW, et al. White blood cell count and risk of incident atrial fibrillation (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol, 2012, 109(4): 533-537.
23. Mirhosseini SJ, Ali-Hassan-Sayegh S, Forouzannia SK. What is the exact predictive role of preoperative white blood cell count for new-onset atrial fibrillation following open heart surgery? Saudi J Anaesth, 2013, 7(1): 40-42.
24. Jacob KA, Nathoe HM, Dieleman JM, et al. Inflammation in new-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest, 2014, 44(4): 402-428.
25. Gibson PH, Cuthbertson BH, Croal BL, et al. Usefulness of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio as predictor of new-onset atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol, 2010, 105(2): 186-191.
26. Guo X, Zhang S, Yan X, et al. Postablation neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio correlates with arrhythmia recurrence after catheter ablation of lone atrial fibrillation. Chin Med J (Engl), 2014, 127(6): 1033-1038.
27. Acet H, Ertas F, Akil MA, et al. New inflammatory predictors for non-valvular atrial fibrillation: echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2014, 30(1): 81-89.
28. Bhat T, Teli S, Rijal J, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cardiovascular diseases: a review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2013, 11(1): 55-59.
29. Goette A, Staack T, Rocken C, et al. Increased expression of extrace-llular signal-regulated kinase and angiotensin-converting enzyme in human atria during atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2000, 35(6): 1669-1677.
30. Cardin S, Li D, Thorin-Trescases N, et al. Evolution of the atrial fibrillation substrate in experimental congestive heart failure: angio-tensin-dependent and-independent pathways. Cardiovasc Res, 2003, 60(2): 315-325.
31. Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, et al. C-Reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol, 2006, 97(9): 1346-1350.
32. Canbaz S, Erbas H, Huseyin S, et al. The role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation following open heart surgery. J Int Med Res, 2008, 36(5): 1070-1076.
33. Lindhardsen J, Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, et al. Risk of atrial fibrilla-tion and stroke in rheumatoid arthritis: Danish nationwide cohort study. BMJ, 2012, 344(4): e1257.
34. Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, Jorgensen CH, et al. Psoriasis and risk of atrial fibrillation and ischaemic stroke: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J, 2012, 33(16): 2054-2064.
35. Emilsson L, Smith JG, West J, et al. Increased risk of atrial fibrilla-tion in patients with coeliac disease: a nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J, 2011, 32(19): 2430-2437.
36. Roman C, Bruley DVS, Muresan L, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(28): 9592-9599.
37. Fauchier L, Pierre B, Clementy N, et al. Non-antiarrhythmic drugs for the prevention of atrial fibrillation: ACEIs, ARBs, statins and PUFAs. J Med Liban, 2013, 61(2): 105-108.
38. Patti G, Chello M, Candura D, et al. Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of the ARMYDA-3(Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Dysrhythmia After cardiac surgery) study. Circulation, 2006, 114(14): 1455-1461.
39. Kourliouros A, De Souza A, Roberts N, et al. Dose-related effect of statins on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg, 2008, 85(5): 1515-1520.
40. Ozaydin M, Varol E, Aslan SM, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on the recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Am J Cardiol, 2006, 97(10): 1490-1493.
41. Young-Xu Y, Jabbour S, Goldberg R, et al. Usefulness of statin drugs in protecting against atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol, 2003, 92(12): 1379-1383.
42. Patel AA, White CM, Shah SA, et al. The relationship between statin use and atrial fibrillation. Curr Med Res Opin, 2007, 23(5): 1177-1185.
43. Pena JM, Macfadyen J, Glynn RJ, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, statin therapy, and risks of atrial fibrillation: an exploratory analysis of the JUPITER trial. Eur Heart J, 2012, 33(4): 531-537.
44. Virani SS, Nambi V, Lee VV, et al. Does preoperative statin therapy improve outcomes in patients undergoing isolated cardiac valve surgery? Am J Cardiol, 2008, 102(9): 1235-1239.
45. Tveit A, Grundtvig M, Gundersen T, et al. Analysis of pravastatin to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Am J Cardiol, 2004, 93(6): 780-782.
46. Adabag AS, Nelson DB, Bloomfield HE. Effects of statin therapy on preventing atrial fibrillation in coronary disease and heart failure. Am Heart J, 2007, 154(6): 1140-1145.
47. Imazio M, Brucato A, Ferrazzi P, et al. Colchicine reduces postopera-tive atrial fibrillation: results of the Colchicine for the Prevention of the Postpericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS) atrial fibrillation substudy. Circulation, 2011, 124(21): 2290-2295.
48. Deftereos S, Giannopoulos G, Kossyvakis C, et al. Colchicine for prevention of early atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation: a randomized controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(18): 1790-1796.
49. Imazio M, Brucato A, Ferrazzi P, et al. Colchicine for prevention of postpericardiotomy syndrome and postoperative atrial fibrillation: the COPPS-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2014, 312(10): 1016-1023.
50. Vermes E, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG, et al. Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials. Circulation, 2003, 107(23): 2926-2931.
51. Ducharme A, Swedberg K, Pfeffer MA, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure by candesartan in the Candesartan in heart failure: assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Am Heart J, 2006, 152(1): 86-92.
52. Savelieva I, Kakouros N, Kourliouros A, et al. Upstream therapies for management of atrial fibrillation: review of clinical evidence and implications for European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Part I: primary prevention. Europace, 2011, 13(3): 308-328.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Research Progress on Correlation Between Inflammation and Atrial Fibrillation

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