Research progress of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in common pulmonary diseases_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

SHEN Cheng , WANG Xin , LI Pengfei ,  CHE Guowei

Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

CHE Guowei, Email: Guowei_che@yahoo.com

Keywords：

Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO); pneumonia; asthma; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; chronic cough

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201712061

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Detection of the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a safe, simple and easy method to assess airway inflammation noninvasively. Thus, FeNO detection has been paid more attention to diagnosis and guide treatment of pulmonary diseases. The common feature of pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic cough is the existence of varying degrees of airway inflammation. In this review, FeNO production and its potential pathologic and physiologic role in various pulmonary diseases were discussed.

Citation： SHEN Cheng, WANG Xin, LI Pengfei, CHE Guowei. Research progress of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in common pulmonary diseases. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2018, 25(11): 1007-1011. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201712061 Copy

1.	Antus B, Csiszer E, Czebe K, et al. Pulmonary infections increase exhaled nitric oxide in lung transplant recipients: a longitudinal study. Clin Transplant, 2005, 19(3): 377-382.
2.	Lee JE, Rhee CK, Lim JH, et al. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Chest, 2012, 141(5): 1267-1272.
3.	Sato S, Saito J, Fukuhara A, et al. The clinical role of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthma control. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2017, 119(6): 541-547.
4.	Schoos AM, Christiansen CF, Stokholm J, et al. FeNO and exercise testing in children at risk of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2018, 6(3): 855-862.e2.
5.	Bao W, Zhang X, Lv C, et al. The value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide andforced mid-expiratory flow as predictive markers of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults with chronic cough. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2018, 6(4): 1313-1320.
6.	Tang W, Zhou J, Miao L, et al. Clinical features in patients of cough variant asthma with normal and high level of exhaled fractional nitric oxide. Clin Respir J, 2018, 12(2): 595-600.
7.	Gustafsson LE, Leone AM, Persson MG, et al. Endogenous nitric oxide is present in the exhaled air of rabbits, guinea pigs and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1991, 181(2): 852-857.
8.	Feng JX, Lin Y, Lin J, et al. Relationship between fractional exhaled nitric oxide level and efficacy of inhaled corticosteroid in asthma-COPD overlap syndrome patients with different disease severity. J Korean Med Sci, 2017, 32(3): 439-447.
9.	American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS recommendations for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide, 2005. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005, 171(8): 912-930.
10.	Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, et al. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011, 184(5): 602-615.
11.	Xia Q, Pan P, Wang Z, et al. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in bronchial inflammatory lung diseases. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 2014, 39(4): 365-370.
12.	Antus B, Barta I. Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and the frequency of severe acute exacerbation of COPD: 3-year follow-up. Acta Physiol Hung, 2013, 100(4): 469-477.
13.	Yeo J, Woo HS, Lee SM, et al. Drug-induced eosinophilic pneumonia in a patient with Crohn's disease: diagnosis and treatment using fraction of exhaled nitric oxide. Intest Res, 2017, 15(4): 529-534.
14.	白晓雪, 华树成, 竭晶, 等. 呼出气一氧化氮在慢性过敏性肺炎诊断中的应用价值. 中国实验诊断学, 2014, 18(1): 39-42.
15.	Park JY, Lee T, Lee H, et al. Significance of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med, 2014, 14(2): 81.
16.	Karsten J, Krabbe K, Heinze H, et al. Bedside monitoring of ventilation distribution and alveolar inflammation in community-acquired pneumonia. J Clin Monit Comput, 2014, 28(4): 403-408.
17.	Furukawa K, Sugiura H, Matsunaga K, et al. Increase of nitrosative stress in patients with eosinophilic pneumonia. Respir Res, 2011, 12: 81.
18.	Maniscalco M, Faraone S, Sofia M, et al. Extended analysis of exhaled and nasal nitric oxide for the evaluation of chronic cough. Respir Med, 2015, 109(8): 970-974.
19.	Petsky HL, Kynaston JA, McElrea M, et al. Cough and exhaled nitric oxide levels: what happens with exercise? Front Pediatr, 2013, 1: 30.
20.	Kowal K, Bodzenta-Lukaszyk A, Zukowski S. Exhaled nitric oxide in evaluation of young adults with chronic cough. J Asthma, 2009, 46(7): 692-698.
21.	史菲, 酆孟洁, 张婷. 呼出气一氧化氮检测对老年慢性咳嗽的诊疗价值. 广东医学, 2015, 36(8): 1201-1202.
22.	Kanemitsu Y, Matsumoto H, Osman N, et al. " Cold air” and/or " talking” as cough triggers, a sign for the diagnosis of cough variant asthma. Respir Investig, 2016, 54(6): 413-418.
23.	Zhu H, Yu X, Hao C, et al. The diagnostic value of the fractional exhaled nitric oxide for cough variant asthma in children. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, 2015, 38(5): 352-355.
24.	Kim YH, Kim KW, Baek J, et al. Usefulness of impulse oscillometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in children with Eosinophilic bronchitis. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2013, 48(3): 221-228.
25.	Mirić M, Turkalj M, Nogalo B, et al. Lung diffusion capacity in children with respiratory symptoms and untreated GERD. Med Sci Monit, 2014, 20: 774-781.
26.	Qian L, Pan S, Shi J, et al. Association between fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) cut-off values (25 ppb) and risk factors of cough. Clin Respir J, 2018, 12(1): 193-199.
27.	Feng-Jia C, Xin-Yan H, Geng-Peng L, et al. Validity of fractional exhaled nitric oxide and small airway function indices in diagnosis of cough-variant asthma. J Asthma, 2018, 55(7): 750-755.
28.	Schneider A, Tilemann L, Schermer T, et al. Diagnosing asthma in general practice with portable exhaled nitric oxide measurement--results of a prospective diagnostic study. FENO Respir Res, 2009, 10: 15.
29.	Gao J, Zhang M, Zhou L, et al. Correlation between fractional exhaled nitric oxide and sputum eosinophilia in exacerbations of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2017, 12: 1287-1293.
30.	Cosío BG, Pérez de Llano L, Lopez Viña A, et al. Th-2 signature in chronic airway diseases: towards the extinction of asthma-COPD overlap syndrome? Eur Respir J, 2017, 49(5): pii: 1602397.
31.	Wu S, Ni Y, Li H, et al. Short-term exposure to high ambient air pollution increases airway inflammation and respiratory symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Beijing, China. Environ Int, 2016, 94: 76-82.
32.	Santini G, Mores N, Shohreh R, et al. Exhaled and non-exhaled non-invasive markers for assessment of respiratory inflammation in patients with stable COPD and healthy smokers. J Breath Res, 2016, 10(1): 017102.
33.	Ohbayashi H, Setoguchi Y, Fukuchi Y, et al. Pharmacological effects of lysozyme on COPD and bronchial asthma with sputum: A randomized, placebo-controlled, small cohort, cross-over study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2016, 37: 73-80.
34.	Lim CS, Rani FA, Tan LE. Response of exhaled nitric oxide to inhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J, 2018, 12(1): 218-226.
35.	Gastaldi AC, Paredi P, Talwar A, et al. Oscillating positive expiratory pressure on respiratory resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a small amount of secretion: a randomized clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015, 94(42): e1845.
36.	Malerba M, Radaeli A, Olivini A, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide as a biomarker in COPD and related comorbidities. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 2014: 271918.
37.	Nguyen MS, Nguyen Dang D, Schleich F, et al. Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome among patients with stable COPD. Rev Med Liege, 2015, 70(1): 37-43.
38.	Alcázar-Navarrete B, Romero-Palacios PJ, Ruiz-Sancho A, et al. Diagnostic performance of the measurement of nitric oxide in exhaled air in the diagnosis of COPD phenotypes. Nitric Oxide, 2016, 54: 67-72.
39.	杨妍, 陈如华, 王岑, 等. 呼出气一氧化氮水平与 COPD 患者血清 IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α 及呼吸功能的相关性. 热带医学杂志, 2017, 17(1): 78-80, 84.
40.	Watanabe T, Chibana K, Shiobara T, et al. Expression of intelectin-1 in bronchial epithelial cells of asthma is correlated with T-helper 2 (Type-2) related parameters and its function. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol, 2017, 13: 35.
41.	Tsikrika S, Dimakou K, Papaioannou AI, et al. The role of non-invasive modalities for assessing inflammation in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Cytokine, 2017, 99: 281-286.
42.	Deng DD, Zhou AY, Shuang QC, et al. The value of fractionated exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, 2017, 40(2): 98-101.
43.	Kondo M, Tamaoki J. Therapeutic approaches of asthma and COPD overlap. Allergol Int, 2018, 67(2): 187-190.
44.	Tamada T, Sugiura H, Takahashi T, et al. Biomarker-based detection of asthma-COPD overlap syndrome in COPD populations. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2015, 10: 2169-2176.
45.	Ishiura Y, Fujimura M, Shiba Y, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterole with twice-daily fluticasone propionate/salmeterol in asthma-COPD overlap syndrome. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2015, 35: 28-33.
46.	成芳娟, 牟向东, 关键, 等. 呼出气一氧化氮在哮喘-慢阻肺重叠综合征诊断中的价值. 农垦医学, 2017, 39(4): 298-301.
47.	Ricciardolo FL, Sorbello V, Ciprandi G. A pathophysiological approach for FeNO: A biomarker for asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 2015, 43(6): 609-616.
48.	Wild P, Mével H, Penven E, et al. FeNO levels increase with degree of sensitisation in apprentices at risk of occupational asthma. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2017, 21(11): 1194-1200.
49.	Chen LC, Tseng HM, Kuo ML, et al. A composite of exhaled LTB4, LXA4, FeNO, and FEV1 as an " asthma classification ratio” characterizes childhood asthma. Allergy, 2018, 73(3): 627-634.
50.	Alving K. FeNO and suspected asthma: better to identify responsiveness to treatment than to label with a diagnosis. Lancet Respir Med, 2018, 6(1): 3-5.
51.	Normansell R, Cates C. Tailoring asthma therapies using FeNO: can a new objective measure help more people to gain control and reduce over-treatment? Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 9: Ed000115.
52.	Karrasch S, Linde K, Rücker G, et al. Accuracy of FENO for diagnosing asthma: a systematic review. Thorax, 2017, 72(2): 109-116.
53.	Schneider A, Faderl B, Schwarzbach J, et al. Prognostic value of bronchial provocation and FENO measurement for asthma diagnosis--results of a delayed type of diagnostic study. Respir Med, 2014, 108(1): 34-40.
54.	Stonham C. Using FeNO in the diagnosis and management of asthma. Br J Nurs, 2014, 23(5): 266.
55.	Yin SS, Liu H, Gao X. Elevated fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a clinical indicator of uncontrolled asthma in children receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2017, 55(1): 66-77.
56.	Neelamegan R, Saka V, Tamilarasu K, et al. Clinical utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) as a biomarker to predict severity of disease and response to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in asthma patients. J Clin Diagn Res, 2016, 10(12): F1-F6.

1. Antus B, Csiszer E, Czebe K, et al. Pulmonary infections increase exhaled nitric oxide in lung transplant recipients: a longitudinal study. Clin Transplant, 2005, 19(3): 377-382.
2. Lee JE, Rhee CK, Lim JH, et al. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Chest, 2012, 141(5): 1267-1272.
3. Sato S, Saito J, Fukuhara A, et al. The clinical role of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthma control. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2017, 119(6): 541-547.
4. Schoos AM, Christiansen CF, Stokholm J, et al. FeNO and exercise testing in children at risk of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2018, 6(3): 855-862.e2.
5. Bao W, Zhang X, Lv C, et al. The value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide andforced mid-expiratory flow as predictive markers of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults with chronic cough. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2018, 6(4): 1313-1320.
6. Tang W, Zhou J, Miao L, et al. Clinical features in patients of cough variant asthma with normal and high level of exhaled fractional nitric oxide. Clin Respir J, 2018, 12(2): 595-600.
7. Gustafsson LE, Leone AM, Persson MG, et al. Endogenous nitric oxide is present in the exhaled air of rabbits, guinea pigs and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1991, 181(2): 852-857.
8. Feng JX, Lin Y, Lin J, et al. Relationship between fractional exhaled nitric oxide level and efficacy of inhaled corticosteroid in asthma-COPD overlap syndrome patients with different disease severity. J Korean Med Sci, 2017, 32(3): 439-447.
9. American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS recommendations for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide, 2005. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005, 171(8): 912-930.
10. Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, et al. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2011, 184(5): 602-615.
11. Xia Q, Pan P, Wang Z, et al. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in bronchial inflammatory lung diseases. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 2014, 39(4): 365-370.
12. Antus B, Barta I. Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and the frequency of severe acute exacerbation of COPD: 3-year follow-up. Acta Physiol Hung, 2013, 100(4): 469-477.
13. Yeo J, Woo HS, Lee SM, et al. Drug-induced eosinophilic pneumonia in a patient with Crohn's disease: diagnosis and treatment using fraction of exhaled nitric oxide. Intest Res, 2017, 15(4): 529-534.
14. 白晓雪, 华树成, 竭晶, 等. 呼出气一氧化氮在慢性过敏性肺炎诊断中的应用价值. 中国实验诊断学, 2014, 18(1): 39-42.
15. Park JY, Lee T, Lee H, et al. Significance of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med, 2014, 14(2): 81.
16. Karsten J, Krabbe K, Heinze H, et al. Bedside monitoring of ventilation distribution and alveolar inflammation in community-acquired pneumonia. J Clin Monit Comput, 2014, 28(4): 403-408.
17. Furukawa K, Sugiura H, Matsunaga K, et al. Increase of nitrosative stress in patients with eosinophilic pneumonia. Respir Res, 2011, 12: 81.
18. Maniscalco M, Faraone S, Sofia M, et al. Extended analysis of exhaled and nasal nitric oxide for the evaluation of chronic cough. Respir Med, 2015, 109(8): 970-974.
19. Petsky HL, Kynaston JA, McElrea M, et al. Cough and exhaled nitric oxide levels: what happens with exercise? Front Pediatr, 2013, 1: 30.
20. Kowal K, Bodzenta-Lukaszyk A, Zukowski S. Exhaled nitric oxide in evaluation of young adults with chronic cough. J Asthma, 2009, 46(7): 692-698.
21. 史菲, 酆孟洁, 张婷. 呼出气一氧化氮检测对老年慢性咳嗽的诊疗价值. 广东医学, 2015, 36(8): 1201-1202.
22. Kanemitsu Y, Matsumoto H, Osman N, et al. " Cold air” and/or " talking” as cough triggers, a sign for the diagnosis of cough variant asthma. Respir Investig, 2016, 54(6): 413-418.
23. Zhu H, Yu X, Hao C, et al. The diagnostic value of the fractional exhaled nitric oxide for cough variant asthma in children. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, 2015, 38(5): 352-355.
24. Kim YH, Kim KW, Baek J, et al. Usefulness of impulse oscillometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in children with Eosinophilic bronchitis. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2013, 48(3): 221-228.
25. Mirić M, Turkalj M, Nogalo B, et al. Lung diffusion capacity in children with respiratory symptoms and untreated GERD. Med Sci Monit, 2014, 20: 774-781.
26. Qian L, Pan S, Shi J, et al. Association between fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) cut-off values (25 ppb) and risk factors of cough. Clin Respir J, 2018, 12(1): 193-199.
27. Feng-Jia C, Xin-Yan H, Geng-Peng L, et al. Validity of fractional exhaled nitric oxide and small airway function indices in diagnosis of cough-variant asthma. J Asthma, 2018, 55(7): 750-755.
28. Schneider A, Tilemann L, Schermer T, et al. Diagnosing asthma in general practice with portable exhaled nitric oxide measurement--results of a prospective diagnostic study. FENO Respir Res, 2009, 10: 15.
29. Gao J, Zhang M, Zhou L, et al. Correlation between fractional exhaled nitric oxide and sputum eosinophilia in exacerbations of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2017, 12: 1287-1293.
30. Cosío BG, Pérez de Llano L, Lopez Viña A, et al. Th-2 signature in chronic airway diseases: towards the extinction of asthma-COPD overlap syndrome? Eur Respir J, 2017, 49(5): pii: 1602397.
31. Wu S, Ni Y, Li H, et al. Short-term exposure to high ambient air pollution increases airway inflammation and respiratory symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Beijing, China. Environ Int, 2016, 94: 76-82.
32. Santini G, Mores N, Shohreh R, et al. Exhaled and non-exhaled non-invasive markers for assessment of respiratory inflammation in patients with stable COPD and healthy smokers. J Breath Res, 2016, 10(1): 017102.
33. Ohbayashi H, Setoguchi Y, Fukuchi Y, et al. Pharmacological effects of lysozyme on COPD and bronchial asthma with sputum: A randomized, placebo-controlled, small cohort, cross-over study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2016, 37: 73-80.
34. Lim CS, Rani FA, Tan LE. Response of exhaled nitric oxide to inhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J, 2018, 12(1): 218-226.
35. Gastaldi AC, Paredi P, Talwar A, et al. Oscillating positive expiratory pressure on respiratory resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a small amount of secretion: a randomized clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015, 94(42): e1845.
36. Malerba M, Radaeli A, Olivini A, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide as a biomarker in COPD and related comorbidities. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 2014: 271918.
37. Nguyen MS, Nguyen Dang D, Schleich F, et al. Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome among patients with stable COPD. Rev Med Liege, 2015, 70(1): 37-43.
38. Alcázar-Navarrete B, Romero-Palacios PJ, Ruiz-Sancho A, et al. Diagnostic performance of the measurement of nitric oxide in exhaled air in the diagnosis of COPD phenotypes. Nitric Oxide, 2016, 54: 67-72.
39. 杨妍, 陈如华, 王岑, 等. 呼出气一氧化氮水平与 COPD 患者血清 IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α 及呼吸功能的相关性. 热带医学杂志, 2017, 17(1): 78-80, 84.
40. Watanabe T, Chibana K, Shiobara T, et al. Expression of intelectin-1 in bronchial epithelial cells of asthma is correlated with T-helper 2 (Type-2) related parameters and its function. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol, 2017, 13: 35.
41. Tsikrika S, Dimakou K, Papaioannou AI, et al. The role of non-invasive modalities for assessing inflammation in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Cytokine, 2017, 99: 281-286.
42. Deng DD, Zhou AY, Shuang QC, et al. The value of fractionated exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, 2017, 40(2): 98-101.
43. Kondo M, Tamaoki J. Therapeutic approaches of asthma and COPD overlap. Allergol Int, 2018, 67(2): 187-190.
44. Tamada T, Sugiura H, Takahashi T, et al. Biomarker-based detection of asthma-COPD overlap syndrome in COPD populations. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 2015, 10: 2169-2176.
45. Ishiura Y, Fujimura M, Shiba Y, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterole with twice-daily fluticasone propionate/salmeterol in asthma-COPD overlap syndrome. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2015, 35: 28-33.
46. 成芳娟, 牟向东, 关键, 等. 呼出气一氧化氮在哮喘-慢阻肺重叠综合征诊断中的价值. 农垦医学, 2017, 39(4): 298-301.
47. Ricciardolo FL, Sorbello V, Ciprandi G. A pathophysiological approach for FeNO: A biomarker for asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 2015, 43(6): 609-616.
48. Wild P, Mével H, Penven E, et al. FeNO levels increase with degree of sensitisation in apprentices at risk of occupational asthma. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2017, 21(11): 1194-1200.
49. Chen LC, Tseng HM, Kuo ML, et al. A composite of exhaled LTB4, LXA4, FeNO, and FEV1 as an " asthma classification ratio” characterizes childhood asthma. Allergy, 2018, 73(3): 627-634.
50. Alving K. FeNO and suspected asthma: better to identify responsiveness to treatment than to label with a diagnosis. Lancet Respir Med, 2018, 6(1): 3-5.
51. Normansell R, Cates C. Tailoring asthma therapies using FeNO: can a new objective measure help more people to gain control and reduce over-treatment? Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 9: Ed000115.
52. Karrasch S, Linde K, Rücker G, et al. Accuracy of FENO for diagnosing asthma: a systematic review. Thorax, 2017, 72(2): 109-116.
53. Schneider A, Faderl B, Schwarzbach J, et al. Prognostic value of bronchial provocation and FENO measurement for asthma diagnosis--results of a delayed type of diagnostic study. Respir Med, 2014, 108(1): 34-40.
54. Stonham C. Using FeNO in the diagnosis and management of asthma. Br J Nurs, 2014, 23(5): 266.
55. Yin SS, Liu H, Gao X. Elevated fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a clinical indicator of uncontrolled asthma in children receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2017, 55(1): 66-77.
56. Neelamegan R, Saka V, Tamilarasu K, et al. Clinical utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) as a biomarker to predict severity of disease and response to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in asthma patients. J Clin Diagn Res, 2016, 10(12): F1-F6.

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Research progress of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in common pulmonary diseases

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