Incidence and possible risk factors of chronic postsurgical pain after cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

ZHANG Yuhan , ZHANG Mengqiu ,  YU Hai

Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

YU Hai, Email: yuhaishan117@yahoo.com

Keywords：

Cardiac surgery; chronic postsurgical pain; risk factor

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201804005

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Objective To analyze the incidence and possible risk factors of the chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass via median sternotomy. Methods A total of 248 cardiac surgery patients (104 males, 144 females with age of 20–74 years) were enrolled in this single-center, prospective observational study. The severity of acute postoperative pain at first 7 days was evaluated by numeric rating scale (NRS) and pain at 30 days after surgery and CPSP at 3 and 6 months after surgery was evaluated with modified brief pain inventory. Results The CPSP at postoperative 6 months occurred in 45.2% (112/248) patients and 24.1% of them suffered moderate to severe pain (NRS≥4). The CPSP at postoperative 3 months occurred in 60.9% (151/248) patients and 25.8% of them suffered moderate to severe pain. Moderate to severe postoperative pain at postoperative 30 days and 3 months, and intraoperative remifentanil infusion were the risk factors of the CPSP at postoperative 6 months. Conclusion CPSP is common in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with median sternotomy. Moderate to severe postoperative pain at 30 days and 3 months, and intraoperative remifentanil infusion can predict the presence of CPSP at 6 months.

Citation： ZHANG Yuhan, ZHANG Mengqiu, YU Hai. Incidence and possible risk factors of chronic postsurgical pain after cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2018, 25(8): 711-714. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201804005 Copy

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6.	van Gulik L, Janssen LI, Ahlers SJ, et al. Risk factors for chronic thoracic pain after cardiac surgery via sternotomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2011, 40(6): 1309-1313.
7.	Choinière M, Watt-Watson J, Victor JC, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for persistent postoperative nonanginal pain after cardiac surgery: a 2-year prospective multicentre study. CMAJ, 2014, 186(7): E213-E223.
8.	Marcassa C, Faggiano P, Greco C, et al. A retrospective multicenter study on long-term prevalence of chronic pain after cardiac surgery. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown), 2015, 16(11): 768-774.
9.	Costa MA, Trentini CA, Schafranski MD, et al. Factors associated with the development of chronic post-sternotomy pain: a case-control study. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 30(5): 552-556.
10.	Li X, Feng Y, Yang BX. Postoperative pain after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2010, 24(6): 1025-1026.
11.	Gjeilo KH, Stenseth R, Wahba A, et al. Validation of the brief pain inventory in patients six months after cardiac surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2007, 34(6): 648-656.
12.	Turan A, Belley-Cote EP, Vincent J, et al. Methylprednisolone does not reduce persistent pain after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology, 2015, 123(6): 1404-1410.
13.	Fletcher D, Stamer UM, Pogatzki-Zahn E, et al. Chronic postsurgical pain in Europe: An observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2015, 32(10): 725-734.
14.	Gjeilo KH, Stenseth R, Wahba A, et al. Chronic postsurgical pain in patients 5 years after cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study. Eur J Pain, 2017, 21(3): 425-433.
15.	Guimarães-Pereira L, Farinha F, Azevedo L, et al. Persistent postoperative pain after cardiac surgery: incidence, characterization, associated factors and its impact in quality of life. Eur J Pain, 2016, 20(9): 1433-1442.
16.	Gjeilo KH, Stenseth R, Klepstad P. Risk factors and early pharmacological interventions to prevent chronic postsurgical pain following cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 2014, 14(5): 335-342.
17.	Bjørnnes AK, Parry M, Lie I, et al. Pain experiences of men and women after cardiac surgery. J Clin Nurs, 2016, 25(19-20): 3058-3068.

1. Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain, 2015, 156(6): 1003-1007.
2. Lavand’homme P. Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery. Pain, 2017, 158 Suppl 1: S50-S54.
3. Bruce J, Drury N, Poobalan AS, et al. The prevalence of chronic chest and leg pain following cardiac surgery: a historical cohort study. Pain, 2003, 104(1-2): 265-273.
4. Lahtinen P, Kokki H, Hynynen M. Pain after cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study of 1-year incidence and intensity. Anesthesiology, 2006, 105(4): 794-800.
5. Taillefer MC, Carrier M, Bélisle S, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and predictors of chronic nonanginal postoperative pain after a cardiac operation: a cross-sectional study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2006, 131(6): 1274-1280.
6. van Gulik L, Janssen LI, Ahlers SJ, et al. Risk factors for chronic thoracic pain after cardiac surgery via sternotomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2011, 40(6): 1309-1313.
7. Choinière M, Watt-Watson J, Victor JC, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for persistent postoperative nonanginal pain after cardiac surgery: a 2-year prospective multicentre study. CMAJ, 2014, 186(7): E213-E223.
8. Marcassa C, Faggiano P, Greco C, et al. A retrospective multicenter study on long-term prevalence of chronic pain after cardiac surgery. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown), 2015, 16(11): 768-774.
9. Costa MA, Trentini CA, Schafranski MD, et al. Factors associated with the development of chronic post-sternotomy pain: a case-control study. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 30(5): 552-556.
10. Li X, Feng Y, Yang BX. Postoperative pain after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2010, 24(6): 1025-1026.
11. Gjeilo KH, Stenseth R, Wahba A, et al. Validation of the brief pain inventory in patients six months after cardiac surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2007, 34(6): 648-656.
12. Turan A, Belley-Cote EP, Vincent J, et al. Methylprednisolone does not reduce persistent pain after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology, 2015, 123(6): 1404-1410.
13. Fletcher D, Stamer UM, Pogatzki-Zahn E, et al. Chronic postsurgical pain in Europe: An observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2015, 32(10): 725-734.
14. Gjeilo KH, Stenseth R, Wahba A, et al. Chronic postsurgical pain in patients 5 years after cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study. Eur J Pain, 2017, 21(3): 425-433.
15. Guimarães-Pereira L, Farinha F, Azevedo L, et al. Persistent postoperative pain after cardiac surgery: incidence, characterization, associated factors and its impact in quality of life. Eur J Pain, 2016, 20(9): 1433-1442.
16. Gjeilo KH, Stenseth R, Klepstad P. Risk factors and early pharmacological interventions to prevent chronic postsurgical pain following cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 2014, 14(5): 335-342.
17. Bjørnnes AK, Parry M, Lie I, et al. Pain experiences of men and women after cardiac surgery. J Clin Nurs, 2016, 25(19-20): 3058-3068.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Incidence and possible risk factors of chronic postsurgical pain after cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study

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