The status and progress of repair and reconstruction of chest wall defect_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

TANG Shanwei ¹ , YE Jingting ¹ ,  SHU Yusheng ²

1. Clinical Medicine College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangshu, P.R.China;
2. Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangshu, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

SHU Yusheng, Email: shuyusheng65@126.com

Keywords：

Chest wall; defect; resection; reconstruction; material

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201804047

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Regardless of the cause of the chest wall defect, especially the extensive chest wall defect, if it cannot be effectively repaired and reconstructed, it may cause physiological and pathological changes such as chest wall softening, respiratory abnormalities and mediastinal oscillations. The main factors affecting the repair and reconstruction of the chest wall are the choice of reconstruction methods and materials. With the increasing understanding of chest wall defects, advances in reconstructive surgery techniques and the development of reconstructed materials, it has become possible to reconstruct many extensive chest wall defects that were previously impossible to complete. This article reviews the characteristics of chest wall defects, methods of repair, and current status and progress of reconstructed materials.

Citation： TANG Shanwei, YE Jingting, SHU Yusheng. The status and progress of repair and reconstruction of chest wall defect. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2019, 26(2): 180-185. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201804047 Copy

1.	Beardsley JM. The use of tantalum plate when resecting large areas of the chest wall. J Thorac Surg, 1950, 19(3): 444-455.
2.	Azoury SC, Grimm JC, Tuffaha SH, et al. Chest wall reconstruction: evolution over a decade and experience with a novel technique for complex defects. Ann Plast Surg, 2016, 76(2): 231-237.
3.	Miller DL, Force SD, Pickens A, et al. Chest wall reconstruction using biomaterials. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 95(3): 1050-1056.
4.	Sanna S, Brandolini J, Pardolesi A, et al. Materials and techniques in chest wall reconstruction: a review. J Vis Surg, 2017, 3: 95.
5.	Clemens MW, Evans KK, Mardini S, et al. Introduction to chest wall reconstruction: anatomy and physiology of the chest and indications for chest wall reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg, 2011, 25(1): 5-15.
6.	Momeni A, Kovach SJ. Important considerations in chest wall reconstruction. J Surg Oncol, 2016, 113(8): 913-922.
7.	Gonfiotti A, Santini PF, Campanacci D, et al. Malignant primary chest-wall tumours: techniques of reconstruction and survival. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2010, 38(1): 39-45.
8.	Kaláb M, Karkoška J, Kamínek M, et al. Transplantation of allogeneic bone graft in the therapy of massive post-sternotomy defects - 6 years of experience with the method. Rozhl Chir, Fall, 2016, 95(11): 399-406.
9.	Jurkiewicz MJ, Bostwick J 3rd, Hester TR, et al. Infected median sternotomy wound. Successful treatment by muscle flaps. Ann Surg, 1980, 191(6): 738-744.
10.	Granetzny A, Abd El-Aal M, Emam E, et al. Surgical versus conservative treatment of flail chest. Evaluation of the pulmonary status. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2005, 4(6): 583-587.
11.	Arnold PG, Pairolero PC. Chest-wall reconstruction: an account of 500 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1996, 98(5): 804-810.
12.	Scarnecchia E, Liparulo V, Pica A, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to chest wall resection and reconstruction for chest wall tumors, a single center experience. J Thorac Dis, 2017, 9(12): 5093-5100.
13.	Bongiolatti S, Voltolini L, Borgianni S, et al. Short and long-term results of sternectomy for sternal tumours. J Thorac Dis, 2017, 9(11): 4336-4346.
14.	McAfee MK, Pairolero PC, Bergstralh EJ, et al. Chondrosarcoma of the chest wall: factors affecting survival. Ann Thorac Surg, 1985, 40(6): 535-541.
15.	King RM, Pairolero PC, Trastek VF, et al. Primary chest wall tumors: factors affecting survival. Ann Thorac Surg, 1986, 41(6): 597-601.
16.	Raz DJ, Clancy SL, Erhunmwunsee LJ. Surgical management of the radiated chest wall and its complications. Thorac Surg Clin, 2017, 27(2): 171-179.
17.	Losken A, Thourani VH, Carlson GW, et al. A reconstructive algorithm for plastic surgery following extensive chest wall resection. Br J Plast Surg, 2004, 57(4): 295-302.
18.	Kawamura M, Seki M, Yoshizu A, et al. Reconstruction of chest wall defects with autogenous ribs grafts. Kyobu Geka, 1996, 49(1): 53-56.
19.	McCormack P, Bains MS, Beattie EJ Jr, et al. New trends in skeletal reconstruction after resection of chest wall tumors. Ann Thorac Surg, 1981, 31(1): 45-52.
20.	Russell RC, Feller AM, Elliott LF, et al. The extended pectoralis major myocutaneous flap: uses and indications. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1991, 88(5): 814-823.
21.	Iblher N, Penna V, Momeni A, et al. The extended pectoralis major flap for reconstruction of the upper posterior chest wall and axilla. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2008, 136(3): 790-791.
22.	Wong C, Saint-Cyr M. The pedicled descending branch muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi flap for trunk and upper extremity reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2010, 63(4): 623-632.
23.	Christen T, Koch N, Philandrianos C, et al. The V-Y latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap in the reconstruction of large posterior chest wall defects. Aesthetic Plast Surg, 2012, 36(3): 618-622.
24.	Seki M. Chest wall reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap via the pleural cavity. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2012, 14(1): 96-98.
25.	Menke H, Erkens M, Olbrisch RR. Evolving concepts in breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flaps: results and follow-up of 121 consecutive patients. Ann Plast Surg, 2001, 47(2): 107-114.
26.	Glassey N, Perks GB, McCulley SJ. A prospective assessment of shoulder morbidity and recovery time scales following latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2008, 122(5): 1334-1340.
27.	Bakri K, Mardini S, Evans KK, et al. Workhorse flaps in chest wall reconstruction: the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and rectus abdominis flaps. Semin Plast Surg, 2011, 25(1): 43-54.
28.	Shoham Y, Koretz M, Kachko L, et al. Immediate reconstruction of the chest wall by latissimus dorsi and vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps after radical mastectomy for a huge pleomorphic liposarcoma. J Plast Surg Hand Surg, 2013, 47(2): 152-154.
29.	Yang LC, Wang XC, Bentz ML, et al. Clinical application of the thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2013, 66(2): 193-200.
30.	Lee AB Jr, Schimert G, Shaktin S, et al. Total excision of the sternum and thoracic pedicle transposition of the greater omentum; useful strategems in managing severe mediastinal infection following open heart surgery. Surgery, 1976, 80(4): 433-436.
31.	Luan A, Galvez MG, Lee GK. Flow-through omental flap to free anterolateral thigh flap for complex chest wall reconstruction: Case report and review of the literature. Microsurgery, 2016, 36(1): 70-76.
32.	Rocco G, Fazioli F, La Manna C, et al. Omental flap and titanium plates provide structural stability and protection of the mediastinum after extensive sternocostal resection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(1): e14-e16.
33.	Tunçözgür B, Elbeyli L, Güngör A, et al. Chest wall reconstruction with autologas rib grafts in dogs and report of a clinic case. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1999, 16(3): 292-295.
34.	曾河, 操明志. 不锈钢丝重建肿瘤所致胸壁大块缺损 5 例. 海军医学杂志, 2009, 30(4): 328.
35.	Iarussi T, Pardolesi A, Camplese P, et al. Composite chest wall reconstruction using titanium plates and mesh preserves chest wall function. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 140(2): 476-477.
36.	Adli Azam MR, Raja Amin RM. Huge chest wall tumour resection and reconstruction using titanium mesh. Malays J Med Sci, 2015, 22(1): 70-73.
37.	Berthet JP, Canaud L, D’Annoville T, et al. Titanium plates and Dualmesh: a modern combination for reconstructing very large chest wall defects. Ann Thorac Surg, 2011, 91(6): 1709-1716.
38.	Ersöz E, Evman S, Alpay L, et al. Chondrosarcoma of the anterior chest wall: surgical resection and reconstruction with titanium mesh. J Thorac Dis, 2014, 6(10): E230-E233.
39.	Berthet JP, Gomez Caro A, Solovei L, et al. Titanium implant failure after chest wall osteosynthesis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 99(6): 1945-1952.
40.	Billè A, Okiror L, Karenovics W, et al. Experience with titanium devices for rib fixation and coverage of chest wall defects. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2012, 15(4): 588-595.
41.	Kilic D, Gungor A, Kavukcu S, et al. Comparison of mersilene mesh-methyl metacrylate sandwich and polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for chest wall reconstruction. J Invest Surg, 2006, 19(6): 353-360.
42.	Abbes M, Mateu J, Giordano P, et al. Chest wall reconstruction after full thickness resection: an experience with 22 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol, 1991, 17(4): 342-349.
43.	Hurwitz DJ, Ravitch MM, Wolmark N. Laminated marlex-methyl methacrylate prosthesis for massive chest wall resection. Ann Plast Surg, 1980, 5(6): 486-490.
44.	Hameed A, Akhtar S, Naqvi A, et al. Reconstruction of complex chest wall defects by using polypropylene mesh and a pedicled latissimus dorsi flap: a 6-year experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2008, 61(6): 628-635.
45.	Khullar OV, Fernandez FG. Prosthetic reconstruction of the chest wall. Thorac Surg Clin, 2017, 27(2): 201-208.
46.	Huang H, Kitano K, Nagayama K, et al. Results of bony chest wall reconstruction with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene soft tissue patch. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 21(2): 119-124.
47.	Suzuki K, Park BJ, Adusumilli PS, et al. Chest wall reconstruction using a methyl methacrylate neo-rib and mesh. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 100(2): 744-747.
48.	Lardinois D, Müller M, Furrer M, et al. Functional assessment of chest wall integrity after methylmethacrylate reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg, 2000, 69(3): 919-923.
49.	阙兴宜, 陈文辉, 倪百川, 等. 胸壁肿瘤的外科治疗(附 57 例报告). 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 1994, 1(2): 75-77.
50.	陈宽冰, 石文君, 杨伟. 胸骨肿瘤扩大切除及有机玻璃修补术的临床应用. 中华肿瘤防治杂志, 2009, 16(2): 150-151.
51.	Kaláb M, Karkoška J, Kamínek M, et al. Reconstruction of massive post-sternotomy defects with allogeneic bone graft: four-year results and experience using the method. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2016, 22(3): 305-313.
52.	Sodha NR, Azoury SC, Sciortino C, et al. The use of acellular dermal matrices in chest wall reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 130(5 Suppl 2): 175S-182S.
53.	Ge PS, Imai TA, Aboulian A, et al. The use of human acellular dermal matrix for chest wall reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(6): 1799-1804.
54.	Chung JH, You HJ, Kim HS, et al. A novel technique for robot assisted latissimus dorsi flap harvest. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2015, 68(7): 966-972.
55.	Salibi A, Hart AM. Articulated endoscopic linear cutter stapler facilitates minimal access harvest of the latissimus dorsi muscle flap for chest wall reconstruction in Poland syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2014, 134(5): 856e-858e.
56.	Chow WT, Rozen WM, Patel NG, et al. Five recipient vessels for metachronous chest wall reconstruction: Case report and literature review. Microsurgery, 2017, 37(1): 66-70.
57.	Moradiellos J, Amor S, Córdoba M, et al. Functional chest wall reconstruction with a biomechanical three-dimensionally printed implant. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 103(4): e389-e391.
58.	Kapila SD, Nervina JM. CBCT in orthodontics: assessment of treatment outcomes and indications for its use. Dentomaxillofac Radiol, 2015, 44(1): 20140282.
59.	Le Moal J, Peillon C, Dacher JN, et al. Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction for operative planning in robotic segmentectomy: a pilot study. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(1): 196-201.

1. Beardsley JM. The use of tantalum plate when resecting large areas of the chest wall. J Thorac Surg, 1950, 19(3): 444-455.
2. Azoury SC, Grimm JC, Tuffaha SH, et al. Chest wall reconstruction: evolution over a decade and experience with a novel technique for complex defects. Ann Plast Surg, 2016, 76(2): 231-237.
3. Miller DL, Force SD, Pickens A, et al. Chest wall reconstruction using biomaterials. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013, 95(3): 1050-1056.
4. Sanna S, Brandolini J, Pardolesi A, et al. Materials and techniques in chest wall reconstruction: a review. J Vis Surg, 2017, 3: 95.
5. Clemens MW, Evans KK, Mardini S, et al. Introduction to chest wall reconstruction: anatomy and physiology of the chest and indications for chest wall reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg, 2011, 25(1): 5-15.
6. Momeni A, Kovach SJ. Important considerations in chest wall reconstruction. J Surg Oncol, 2016, 113(8): 913-922.
7. Gonfiotti A, Santini PF, Campanacci D, et al. Malignant primary chest-wall tumours: techniques of reconstruction and survival. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2010, 38(1): 39-45.
8. Kaláb M, Karkoška J, Kamínek M, et al. Transplantation of allogeneic bone graft in the therapy of massive post-sternotomy defects - 6 years of experience with the method. Rozhl Chir, Fall, 2016, 95(11): 399-406.
9. Jurkiewicz MJ, Bostwick J 3rd, Hester TR, et al. Infected median sternotomy wound. Successful treatment by muscle flaps. Ann Surg, 1980, 191(6): 738-744.
10. Granetzny A, Abd El-Aal M, Emam E, et al. Surgical versus conservative treatment of flail chest. Evaluation of the pulmonary status. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2005, 4(6): 583-587.
11. Arnold PG, Pairolero PC. Chest-wall reconstruction: an account of 500 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1996, 98(5): 804-810.
12. Scarnecchia E, Liparulo V, Pica A, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to chest wall resection and reconstruction for chest wall tumors, a single center experience. J Thorac Dis, 2017, 9(12): 5093-5100.
13. Bongiolatti S, Voltolini L, Borgianni S, et al. Short and long-term results of sternectomy for sternal tumours. J Thorac Dis, 2017, 9(11): 4336-4346.
14. McAfee MK, Pairolero PC, Bergstralh EJ, et al. Chondrosarcoma of the chest wall: factors affecting survival. Ann Thorac Surg, 1985, 40(6): 535-541.
15. King RM, Pairolero PC, Trastek VF, et al. Primary chest wall tumors: factors affecting survival. Ann Thorac Surg, 1986, 41(6): 597-601.
16. Raz DJ, Clancy SL, Erhunmwunsee LJ. Surgical management of the radiated chest wall and its complications. Thorac Surg Clin, 2017, 27(2): 171-179.
17. Losken A, Thourani VH, Carlson GW, et al. A reconstructive algorithm for plastic surgery following extensive chest wall resection. Br J Plast Surg, 2004, 57(4): 295-302.
18. Kawamura M, Seki M, Yoshizu A, et al. Reconstruction of chest wall defects with autogenous ribs grafts. Kyobu Geka, 1996, 49(1): 53-56.
19. McCormack P, Bains MS, Beattie EJ Jr, et al. New trends in skeletal reconstruction after resection of chest wall tumors. Ann Thorac Surg, 1981, 31(1): 45-52.
20. Russell RC, Feller AM, Elliott LF, et al. The extended pectoralis major myocutaneous flap: uses and indications. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1991, 88(5): 814-823.
21. Iblher N, Penna V, Momeni A, et al. The extended pectoralis major flap for reconstruction of the upper posterior chest wall and axilla. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2008, 136(3): 790-791.
22. Wong C, Saint-Cyr M. The pedicled descending branch muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi flap for trunk and upper extremity reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2010, 63(4): 623-632.
23. Christen T, Koch N, Philandrianos C, et al. The V-Y latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap in the reconstruction of large posterior chest wall defects. Aesthetic Plast Surg, 2012, 36(3): 618-622.
24. Seki M. Chest wall reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap via the pleural cavity. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2012, 14(1): 96-98.
25. Menke H, Erkens M, Olbrisch RR. Evolving concepts in breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flaps: results and follow-up of 121 consecutive patients. Ann Plast Surg, 2001, 47(2): 107-114.
26. Glassey N, Perks GB, McCulley SJ. A prospective assessment of shoulder morbidity and recovery time scales following latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2008, 122(5): 1334-1340.
27. Bakri K, Mardini S, Evans KK, et al. Workhorse flaps in chest wall reconstruction: the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and rectus abdominis flaps. Semin Plast Surg, 2011, 25(1): 43-54.
28. Shoham Y, Koretz M, Kachko L, et al. Immediate reconstruction of the chest wall by latissimus dorsi and vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps after radical mastectomy for a huge pleomorphic liposarcoma. J Plast Surg Hand Surg, 2013, 47(2): 152-154.
29. Yang LC, Wang XC, Bentz ML, et al. Clinical application of the thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2013, 66(2): 193-200.
30. Lee AB Jr, Schimert G, Shaktin S, et al. Total excision of the sternum and thoracic pedicle transposition of the greater omentum; useful strategems in managing severe mediastinal infection following open heart surgery. Surgery, 1976, 80(4): 433-436.
31. Luan A, Galvez MG, Lee GK. Flow-through omental flap to free anterolateral thigh flap for complex chest wall reconstruction: Case report and review of the literature. Microsurgery, 2016, 36(1): 70-76.
32. Rocco G, Fazioli F, La Manna C, et al. Omental flap and titanium plates provide structural stability and protection of the mediastinum after extensive sternocostal resection. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(1): e14-e16.
33. Tunçözgür B, Elbeyli L, Güngör A, et al. Chest wall reconstruction with autologas rib grafts in dogs and report of a clinic case. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1999, 16(3): 292-295.
34. 曾河, 操明志. 不锈钢丝重建肿瘤所致胸壁大块缺损 5 例. 海军医学杂志, 2009, 30(4): 328.
35. Iarussi T, Pardolesi A, Camplese P, et al. Composite chest wall reconstruction using titanium plates and mesh preserves chest wall function. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 140(2): 476-477.
36. Adli Azam MR, Raja Amin RM. Huge chest wall tumour resection and reconstruction using titanium mesh. Malays J Med Sci, 2015, 22(1): 70-73.
37. Berthet JP, Canaud L, D’Annoville T, et al. Titanium plates and Dualmesh: a modern combination for reconstructing very large chest wall defects. Ann Thorac Surg, 2011, 91(6): 1709-1716.
38. Ersöz E, Evman S, Alpay L, et al. Chondrosarcoma of the anterior chest wall: surgical resection and reconstruction with titanium mesh. J Thorac Dis, 2014, 6(10): E230-E233.
39. Berthet JP, Gomez Caro A, Solovei L, et al. Titanium implant failure after chest wall osteosynthesis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 99(6): 1945-1952.
40. Billè A, Okiror L, Karenovics W, et al. Experience with titanium devices for rib fixation and coverage of chest wall defects. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2012, 15(4): 588-595.
41. Kilic D, Gungor A, Kavukcu S, et al. Comparison of mersilene mesh-methyl metacrylate sandwich and polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for chest wall reconstruction. J Invest Surg, 2006, 19(6): 353-360.
42. Abbes M, Mateu J, Giordano P, et al. Chest wall reconstruction after full thickness resection: an experience with 22 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol, 1991, 17(4): 342-349.
43. Hurwitz DJ, Ravitch MM, Wolmark N. Laminated marlex-methyl methacrylate prosthesis for massive chest wall resection. Ann Plast Surg, 1980, 5(6): 486-490.
44. Hameed A, Akhtar S, Naqvi A, et al. Reconstruction of complex chest wall defects by using polypropylene mesh and a pedicled latissimus dorsi flap: a 6-year experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2008, 61(6): 628-635.
45. Khullar OV, Fernandez FG. Prosthetic reconstruction of the chest wall. Thorac Surg Clin, 2017, 27(2): 201-208.
46. Huang H, Kitano K, Nagayama K, et al. Results of bony chest wall reconstruction with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene soft tissue patch. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2015, 21(2): 119-124.
47. Suzuki K, Park BJ, Adusumilli PS, et al. Chest wall reconstruction using a methyl methacrylate neo-rib and mesh. Ann Thorac Surg, 2015, 100(2): 744-747.
48. Lardinois D, Müller M, Furrer M, et al. Functional assessment of chest wall integrity after methylmethacrylate reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg, 2000, 69(3): 919-923.
49. 阙兴宜, 陈文辉, 倪百川, 等. 胸壁肿瘤的外科治疗(附 57 例报告). 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 1994, 1(2): 75-77.
50. 陈宽冰, 石文君, 杨伟. 胸骨肿瘤扩大切除及有机玻璃修补术的临床应用. 中华肿瘤防治杂志, 2009, 16(2): 150-151.
51. Kaláb M, Karkoška J, Kamínek M, et al. Reconstruction of massive post-sternotomy defects with allogeneic bone graft: four-year results and experience using the method. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2016, 22(3): 305-313.
52. Sodha NR, Azoury SC, Sciortino C, et al. The use of acellular dermal matrices in chest wall reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 130(5 Suppl 2): 175S-182S.
53. Ge PS, Imai TA, Aboulian A, et al. The use of human acellular dermal matrix for chest wall reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(6): 1799-1804.
54. Chung JH, You HJ, Kim HS, et al. A novel technique for robot assisted latissimus dorsi flap harvest. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2015, 68(7): 966-972.
55. Salibi A, Hart AM. Articulated endoscopic linear cutter stapler facilitates minimal access harvest of the latissimus dorsi muscle flap for chest wall reconstruction in Poland syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2014, 134(5): 856e-858e.
56. Chow WT, Rozen WM, Patel NG, et al. Five recipient vessels for metachronous chest wall reconstruction: Case report and literature review. Microsurgery, 2017, 37(1): 66-70.
57. Moradiellos J, Amor S, Córdoba M, et al. Functional chest wall reconstruction with a biomechanical three-dimensionally printed implant. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 103(4): e389-e391.
58. Kapila SD, Nervina JM. CBCT in orthodontics: assessment of treatment outcomes and indications for its use. Dentomaxillofac Radiol, 2015, 44(1): 20140282.
59. Le Moal J, Peillon C, Dacher JN, et al. Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction for operative planning in robotic segmentectomy: a pilot study. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(1): 196-201.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

The status and progress of repair and reconstruction of chest wall defect

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