Robotic lung resection for malignant and benign lesions: experience with 1 000 patients_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

LI Chongwu , HUANG Jia , LI Jiantao , LI Hanyue , LIN Hao , LU Peiji ,  LUO Qingquan

Shanghai Lung Tumor Clinical Medical Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

LUO Qingquan, Email: luoqingquan@hotmail.com

Keywords：

da Vinci robotic thoracic surgery; perioperative outcome; non-small cell lung cancer; hospital cost

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.201809048

Video：

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Objective To analyze the perioperative outcome of consecutive 1 000 patients undergoing robotic lung resection and summarize surgical experience.Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 1 000 patients undergoing robotic lung resection between May 2009 and June 2018 in Shanghai Lung Tumor Clinical Medical Center. Robotic lobectomy was compared with traditional VATS over the same period using a propensity-matched analysis. There were 327 males and 673 females at average age of 56.21±11.33 years. Lobectomy was performed in 866 patients (11 bilobectomy included), sublobar resection was performed in 129 patients, sleeve lobectomy was performed in the remaining 5 patients. Pathology was as follows: adenocarcinoma in 875 patients, squamous carcinoma in 52 patients, benign tumors in 73 patients. 90.5% of the primary lung cancer were in stage Ⅰ.Results The mean operative time was 90.31±19.70 min; 95.70% of patients’ estimated blood loss was less than 100 ml. Conversion rate to thoracotomy was 0.90% (9 patients) . The average lymph node station and count harvested was 5.59±1.36 and 9.60±3.21 respectively. The mean volume of chest tube drainage on the first postoperative day was 229.19±131.67 ml. Median chest tube time was 3.85±1.43 d. There was 1 in-hospital death due to pulmonary embolism. A total of 189 patients had postoperative complications (18.90%) whose majority was postoperative air leak more than 5 days. The mean overall hospital costs was 92 710.53±12 367.23 Yuan. Compared with VATS, RATS was associated with significant reduction in intraoperative blood loss, time to chest tube removal and postoperative hospital stay. The operative time, conversion rate, lymph nodes removed, morbidity and mortality were similar between the two groups.Conclusion Robotic-assisted lung resection is safe and effective with low conversion rate and less complications, and it can overcome many disadvantages of traditional VATS.

Citation： LI Chongwu, HUANG Jia, LI Jiantao, LI Hanyue, LIN Hao, LU Peiji, LUO Qingquan. Robotic lung resection for malignant and benign lesions: experience with 1 000 patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2019, 26(1): 42-47. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.201809048 Copy

1.	Kaseda S, Aoki T, Hangai N, et al. Better pulmonary function and prognosis with video-assisted thoracic surgery than with thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2000, 70(5): 1644-1646.
2.	Roviaro G, Varoli F, Vergani C, et al. Long-term survival after videothoracoscopic lobectomy for stage Ⅰ lung cancer. Chest, 2004, 126(3): 725-732.
3.	Ferguson J, Walker W. Developing a VATS lobectomy programme--can VATS lobectomy be taught? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2006, 29(5): 806-809.
4.	McKenna RJ Jr. Complications and learning curves for video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy. Thorac Surg Clin, 2008, 18(3): 275-280.
5.	Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Skylizard L, et al. Initial consecutive experience of completely portal robotic pulmonary resection with 4 arms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2011, 142(4): 740-746.
6.	Gharagozloo F, Margolis M, Tempesta B, et al. Robot-assisted lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer: report of 100 consecutive cases. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 88(2): 380-384.
7.	Yoshino I, Hashizume M, Shimada M, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic extirpation of a posterior mediastinal mass using the da Vinci computer enhanced surgical system. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002, 74(4): 1235-1237.
8.	Yang CF, Meyerhoff RR, Mayne NR, et al. Long-term survival following open versus thoracoscopic lobectomy after preoperative chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016, 49(6): 1615-1623.
9.	Farivar AS, Cerfolio RJ, Vallières E, et al. Comparing robotic lung resection with thoracotomy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery cases entered into the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Innovations (Phila), 2014, 9(1): 10-15.
10.	Zhang L, Gao S. Robot-assisted thoracic surgery versus open thoracic surgery for lung cancer: a system review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015, 8(10): 17804-17810.
11.	刘伦旭, 车国卫, 蒲强, 等. 单项式全胸腔镜肺叶切除术. 中华胸心血管外科杂志, 2008, 24(3): 156-158.
12.	Travis WD, Brambilla E, Nicholson AG, et al. The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Lung Tumors: impact of genetic, clinical and radiologic advances since the 2004 classification. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(9): 1243-1260.
13.	Asamura H, Chansky K, Crowley J, et al. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Staging Project: Proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming 8th edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(12): 1675-1684.
14.	许世广, 王述民. 浅谈达芬奇机器人手术 500 例体会. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2015, 22(10): 895-900.
15.	Agzarian J, Fahim C, Shargall Y, et al. The use of robotic-assisted thoracic surgery for lung resection: a comprehensive systematic review. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 28(1): 182-192.
16.	Mahieu J, Rinieri P, Bubenheim M, et al. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung lobectomy: can a robotic approach improve short-term outcomes and operative safety? Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 64(4): 354-362.
17.	Liang H, Liang W, Zhao L, et al. Robotic versus video-assisted lobectomy/segmentectomy for lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(2): 254-259.
18.	Demir A, Ayalp K, Ozkan B, et al. Robotic and video-assisted thoracic surgery lung segmentectomy for malignant and benign lesions. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2015, 20(3): 304-309.
19.	Toker A, Özyurtkan MO, Kaba E, et al. Robotic anatomic lung resections: the initial experience and description of learning in 102 cases. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(2): 676-683.
20.	Jang HJ, Lee HS, Park SY, et al. Comparison of the early robot-assisted lobectomy experience to video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for lung cancer: a single-institution case series matching study. Innovations (Phila), 2011, 6(5): 305-310.
21.	Veronesi G, Galetta D, Maisonneuve P, et al. Four-arm robotic lobectomy for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 140(1): 19-25.
22.	Wilson JL, Louie BE, Cerfolio RJ, et al. The prevalence of nodal upstaging during robotic lung resection in early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(6): 1901-1906.
23.	Park BJ, Melfi F, Mussi A, et al. Robotic lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): long-term oncologic results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 143(2): 383-389.
24.	Yang HX, Woo KM, Sima CS, et al. Long-term survival based on the surgical approach to lobectomy for clinical stage Ⅰ nonsmall cell lung cancer: comparison of robotic, video-assisted thoracic surgery, and thoracotomy lobectomy. Ann Surg, 2017, 265(2): 431-437.
25.	Park BJ, Flores RM. Cost comparison of robotic, video-assisted thoracic surgery and thoracotomy approaches to pulmonary lobectomy. Thorac Surg Clin, 2008, 18(3): 297-300.

1. Kaseda S, Aoki T, Hangai N, et al. Better pulmonary function and prognosis with video-assisted thoracic surgery than with thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg, 2000, 70(5): 1644-1646.
2. Roviaro G, Varoli F, Vergani C, et al. Long-term survival after videothoracoscopic lobectomy for stage Ⅰ lung cancer. Chest, 2004, 126(3): 725-732.
3. Ferguson J, Walker W. Developing a VATS lobectomy programme--can VATS lobectomy be taught? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2006, 29(5): 806-809.
4. McKenna RJ Jr. Complications and learning curves for video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy. Thorac Surg Clin, 2008, 18(3): 275-280.
5. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Skylizard L, et al. Initial consecutive experience of completely portal robotic pulmonary resection with 4 arms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2011, 142(4): 740-746.
6. Gharagozloo F, Margolis M, Tempesta B, et al. Robot-assisted lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer: report of 100 consecutive cases. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 88(2): 380-384.
7. Yoshino I, Hashizume M, Shimada M, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic extirpation of a posterior mediastinal mass using the da Vinci computer enhanced surgical system. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002, 74(4): 1235-1237.
8. Yang CF, Meyerhoff RR, Mayne NR, et al. Long-term survival following open versus thoracoscopic lobectomy after preoperative chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2016, 49(6): 1615-1623.
9. Farivar AS, Cerfolio RJ, Vallières E, et al. Comparing robotic lung resection with thoracotomy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery cases entered into the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Innovations (Phila), 2014, 9(1): 10-15.
10. Zhang L, Gao S. Robot-assisted thoracic surgery versus open thoracic surgery for lung cancer: a system review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015, 8(10): 17804-17810.
11. 刘伦旭, 车国卫, 蒲强, 等. 单项式全胸腔镜肺叶切除术. 中华胸心血管外科杂志, 2008, 24(3): 156-158.
12. Travis WD, Brambilla E, Nicholson AG, et al. The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Lung Tumors: impact of genetic, clinical and radiologic advances since the 2004 classification. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(9): 1243-1260.
13. Asamura H, Chansky K, Crowley J, et al. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Staging Project: Proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming 8th edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 2015, 10(12): 1675-1684.
14. 许世广, 王述民. 浅谈达芬奇机器人手术 500 例体会. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2015, 22(10): 895-900.
15. Agzarian J, Fahim C, Shargall Y, et al. The use of robotic-assisted thoracic surgery for lung resection: a comprehensive systematic review. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 28(1): 182-192.
16. Mahieu J, Rinieri P, Bubenheim M, et al. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung lobectomy: can a robotic approach improve short-term outcomes and operative safety? Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 64(4): 354-362.
17. Liang H, Liang W, Zhao L, et al. Robotic versus video-assisted lobectomy/segmentectomy for lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg, 2018, 268(2): 254-259.
18. Demir A, Ayalp K, Ozkan B, et al. Robotic and video-assisted thoracic surgery lung segmentectomy for malignant and benign lesions. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2015, 20(3): 304-309.
19. Toker A, Özyurtkan MO, Kaba E, et al. Robotic anatomic lung resections: the initial experience and description of learning in 102 cases. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(2): 676-683.
20. Jang HJ, Lee HS, Park SY, et al. Comparison of the early robot-assisted lobectomy experience to video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for lung cancer: a single-institution case series matching study. Innovations (Phila), 2011, 6(5): 305-310.
21. Veronesi G, Galetta D, Maisonneuve P, et al. Four-arm robotic lobectomy for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2010, 140(1): 19-25.
22. Wilson JL, Louie BE, Cerfolio RJ, et al. The prevalence of nodal upstaging during robotic lung resection in early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014, 97(6): 1901-1906.
23. Park BJ, Melfi F, Mussi A, et al. Robotic lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): long-term oncologic results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 143(2): 383-389.
24. Yang HX, Woo KM, Sima CS, et al. Long-term survival based on the surgical approach to lobectomy for clinical stage Ⅰ nonsmall cell lung cancer: comparison of robotic, video-assisted thoracic surgery, and thoracotomy lobectomy. Ann Surg, 2017, 265(2): 431-437.
25. Park BJ, Flores RM. Cost comparison of robotic, video-assisted thoracic surgery and thoracotomy approaches to pulmonary lobectomy. Thorac Surg Clin, 2008, 18(3): 297-300.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Robotic lung resection for malignant and benign lesions: experience with 1 000 patients

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